Empirical Exploration of Mid-Air Haptic Design

Abstract

The thesis identifies several research and design problems in the domain of mid-air haptic feedback. Furthermore, it engages in multiple user studies aimed at deriving informed solutions to address these identified problems. It achieves this by conducting a series of semi-structured interviews aimed at gaining insights into the challenges faced by mid-air haptic designers. Employing thematic analysis, the study brings to light several key areas that warrant further investigation.

Firstly, it addresses Just Noticeable Differences (JNDs) in mid-air haptic sensations, which determine the minimum difference required for users to perceive distinct haptic stimuli. In a two-part study, participants were asked to assess intensity and frequency levels using a forced-choice staircase method. By examining the JNDs, designers can create more effective and immersive interfaces.

Secondly, the thesis explores the associations between visual and perceptual cues in mid-air haptic sensations. Participants were tasked with matching virtual surfaces generated by point-based clouds to four distinct levels of mid-air haptic frequencies. By elucidating the intricate interplay between these cues, designers can optimize the seamless integration of visual and haptic elements. This optimization leads to more cohesive and immersive user experiences.

Additionally, the thesis investigates the relationship between language and mid-air haptic sensations, specifically within the context of brand identity and hedonistic values. A two-part study was conducted, beginning with a workshop where various designers created three distinctive mid-air haptic logos based on specific brand values. Subsequently, usability testing of these logos was conducted, assessing their hedonistic qualities and word associations. This exploration seeks to unveil insights into the potential of haptic feedback to evoke specific emotions and cognitive responses, thereby enhancing user experiences and bolstering brand recognition.

Lastly, the thesis addresses the pressing need for comprehensive design guidelines and a dedicated tool tailored for mid-air haptic designers, based on an iterative software development process. This involved gathering insights into existing challenges, specifying requirements for a new and improved tool, and synthesizing best practices. Further
more, the knowledge acquired from the study was leveraged to create guidelines. By providing a framework and user-friendly tools, designers can streamline their design processes, effectively integrating mid-air haptic feedback into user interfaces.

Date of Award	22 May 2024
Original language	English
Awarding Institution	University of Bath
Supervisor	Christof Lutteroth (Supervisor), Simon Hayhoe (Supervisor) & Michael Wright (Supervisor)