VLF Emissions With Banded Structure in the 16- to 39-kHz Frequency Range Measured by a High-Latitude Ground-Based Receiver

Edith L. Macotela; František Němec; Jyrki Manninen; Ondřej Santolík; Ivana Kolmašová; Tauno Turunen

doi:10.1029/2019GL086127

VLF Emissions With Banded Structure in the 16- to 39-kHz Frequency Range Measured by a High-Latitude Ground-Based Receiver

Edith L. Macotela, František Němec, Jyrki Manninen, Ondřej Santolík, Ivana Kolmašová, Tauno Turunen

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Citations (SciVal)

Abstract

Very low frequency (VLF) emissions of natural origin were identified for the first time by analyzing 1-hr ground-based magnetic field spectrograms in the 0.2- to 39-kHz frequency range. Data were used from the Kannuslehto radio receiver (L-shell ~5.5), recorded during different campaigns between 2006 and 2019. The spectrograms exhibit banded structures, which consist of several strip elements that vary in time and frequency over the event duration. Statistical analysis of 95 events shows that they are observed in the frequency range that extends from 2 to ~37 kHz, and mainly appearing above 16 kHz. The events span from 4 to 110 min and occur in the evening sector (~17–01 magnetic local time), mostly during quiet geomagnetic conditions. Furthermore, they are primarily left-handed polarized and are associated with bursts of lightning-related radio emissions such as sferics and tweeks.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	14214-14222
Number of pages	9
Journal	Geophysical Research Letters
Volume	46
Issue number	24
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086127
Publication status	Published - 28 Dec 2019

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
E. L. M. was supported partially by the Finnish Cultural Foundation (grant 00180689). The work of F. N. was supported by Czech Science Foundation (grant 18-00844S). O. S. and I. K. acknowledge Czech Science Foundation (grant 17-07027S) and the Praemium Academiae award from the Czech Academy of Sciences. We thank Jan Záhlava for elaborating the maps of lightning location. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. We thank NOAA/NGDC for providing the TED measurements from NOAA/POES satellites. Data availability is described at http://www.sgo.fi/Data/archive.php (VLF, riometer and ionosonde data), https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/ (POES), http://space.fmi.fi/image/www/index.php?page=request (IMAGE), and https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (OMNIWeb, Geomagnetic indices)

Funding Information:
E. L. M. was supported partially by the Finnish Cultural Foundation (grant 00180689). The work of F. N. was supported by Czech Science Foundation (grant 18‐00844S). O. S. and I. K. acknowledge Czech Science Foundation (grant 17‐07027S) and the Praemium Academiae award from the Czech Academy of Sciences. We thank Jan Záhlava for elaborating the maps of lightning location. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. We thank NOAA/NGDC for providing the TED measurements from NOAA/POES satellites. Data availability is described at http://www.sgo.fi/Data/archive.php (VLF, riometer and ionosonde data), https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/ (POES), http://space.fmi.fi/image/www/index.php?page=request (IMAGE), and https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (OMNIWeb, Geomagnetic indices)

Publisher Copyright:
©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

Funding

E. L. M. was supported partially by the Finnish Cultural Foundation (grant 00180689). The work of F. N. was supported by Czech Science Foundation (grant 18-00844S). O. S. and I. K. acknowledge Czech Science Foundation (grant 17-07027S) and the Praemium Academiae award from the Czech Academy of Sciences. We thank Jan Záhlava for elaborating the maps of lightning location. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. We thank NOAA/NGDC for providing the TED measurements from NOAA/POES satellites. Data availability is described at http://www.sgo.fi/Data/archive.php (VLF, riometer and ionosonde data), https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/ (POES), http://space.fmi.fi/image/www/index.php?page=request (IMAGE), and https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (OMNIWeb, Geomagnetic indices) E. L. M. was supported partially by the Finnish Cultural Foundation (grant 00180689). The work of F. N. was supported by Czech Science Foundation (grant 18‐00844S). O. S. and I. K. acknowledge Czech Science Foundation (grant 17‐07027S) and the Praemium Academiae award from the Czech Academy of Sciences. We thank Jan Záhlava for elaborating the maps of lightning location. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. We thank NOAA/NGDC for providing the TED measurements from NOAA/POES satellites. Data availability is described at http://www.sgo.fi/Data/archive.php (VLF, riometer and ionosonde data), https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/ (POES), http://space.fmi.fi/image/www/index.php?page=request (IMAGE), and https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (OMNIWeb, Geomagnetic indices)

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Geophysics
General Earth and Planetary Sciences

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10.1029/2019GL086127

Cite this

@article{658877efe2e54b6d8a59a81f7fc40e28,

title = "VLF Emissions With Banded Structure in the 16- to 39-kHz Frequency Range Measured by a High-Latitude Ground-Based Receiver",

abstract = "Very low frequency (VLF) emissions of natural origin were identified for the first time by analyzing 1-hr ground-based magnetic field spectrograms in the 0.2- to 39-kHz frequency range. Data were used from the Kannuslehto radio receiver (L-shell ~5.5), recorded during different campaigns between 2006 and 2019. The spectrograms exhibit banded structures, which consist of several strip elements that vary in time and frequency over the event duration. Statistical analysis of 95 events shows that they are observed in the frequency range that extends from 2 to ~37 kHz, and mainly appearing above 16 kHz. The events span from 4 to 110 min and occur in the evening sector (~17–01 magnetic local time), mostly during quiet geomagnetic conditions. Furthermore, they are primarily left-handed polarized and are associated with bursts of lightning-related radio emissions such as sferics and tweeks.",

author = "Macotela, {Edith L.} and Franti{\v s}ek N{\v e}mec and Jyrki Manninen and Ond{\v r}ej Santol{\'i}k and Ivana Kolma{\v s}ov{\'a} and Tauno Turunen",

note = "Funding Information: E. L. M. was supported partially by the Finnish Cultural Foundation (grant 00180689). The work of F. N. was supported by Czech Science Foundation (grant 18-00844S). O. S. and I. K. acknowledge Czech Science Foundation (grant 17-07027S) and the Praemium Academiae award from the Czech Academy of Sciences. We thank Jan Z{\'a}hlava for elaborating the maps of lightning location. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. We thank NOAA/NGDC for providing the TED measurements from NOAA/POES satellites. Data availability is described at http://www.sgo.fi/Data/archive.php (VLF, riometer and ionosonde data), https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/ (POES), http://space.fmi.fi/image/www/index.php?page=request (IMAGE), and https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (OMNIWeb, Geomagnetic indices) Funding Information: E. L. M. was supported partially by the Finnish Cultural Foundation (grant 00180689). The work of F. N. was supported by Czech Science Foundation (grant 18‐00844S). O. S. and I. K. acknowledge Czech Science Foundation (grant 17‐07027S) and the Praemium Academiae award from the Czech Academy of Sciences. We thank Jan Z{\'a}hlava for elaborating the maps of lightning location. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. We thank NOAA/NGDC for providing the TED measurements from NOAA/POES satellites. Data availability is described at http://www.sgo.fi/Data/archive.php (VLF, riometer and ionosonde data), https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/ (POES), http://space.fmi.fi/image/www/index.php?page=request (IMAGE), and https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (OMNIWeb, Geomagnetic indices) Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",

year = "2019",

month = dec,

day = "28",

doi = "10.1029/2019GL086127",

language = "English",

volume = "46",

pages = "14214--14222",

journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",

issn = "0094-8276",

publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc.",

number = "24",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - VLF Emissions With Banded Structure in the 16- to 39-kHz Frequency Range Measured by a High-Latitude Ground-Based Receiver

AU - Macotela, Edith L.

AU - Němec, František

AU - Manninen, Jyrki

AU - Santolík, Ondřej

AU - Kolmašová, Ivana

AU - Turunen, Tauno

N1 - Funding Information: E. L. M. was supported partially by the Finnish Cultural Foundation (grant 00180689). The work of F. N. was supported by Czech Science Foundation (grant 18-00844S). O. S. and I. K. acknowledge Czech Science Foundation (grant 17-07027S) and the Praemium Academiae award from the Czech Academy of Sciences. We thank Jan Záhlava for elaborating the maps of lightning location. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. We thank NOAA/NGDC for providing the TED measurements from NOAA/POES satellites. Data availability is described at http://www.sgo.fi/Data/archive.php (VLF, riometer and ionosonde data), https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/ (POES), http://space.fmi.fi/image/www/index.php?page=request (IMAGE), and https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (OMNIWeb, Geomagnetic indices) Funding Information: E. L. M. was supported partially by the Finnish Cultural Foundation (grant 00180689). The work of F. N. was supported by Czech Science Foundation (grant 18‐00844S). O. S. and I. K. acknowledge Czech Science Foundation (grant 17‐07027S) and the Praemium Academiae award from the Czech Academy of Sciences. We thank Jan Záhlava for elaborating the maps of lightning location. We thank the institutes who maintain the IMAGE Magnetometer Array. We thank NOAA/NGDC for providing the TED measurements from NOAA/POES satellites. Data availability is described at http://www.sgo.fi/Data/archive.php (VLF, riometer and ionosonde data), https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/satellite/poes/ (POES), http://space.fmi.fi/image/www/index.php?page=request (IMAGE), and https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/form/dx1.html (OMNIWeb, Geomagnetic indices) Publisher Copyright: ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

PY - 2019/12/28

Y1 - 2019/12/28

N2 - Very low frequency (VLF) emissions of natural origin were identified for the first time by analyzing 1-hr ground-based magnetic field spectrograms in the 0.2- to 39-kHz frequency range. Data were used from the Kannuslehto radio receiver (L-shell ~5.5), recorded during different campaigns between 2006 and 2019. The spectrograms exhibit banded structures, which consist of several strip elements that vary in time and frequency over the event duration. Statistical analysis of 95 events shows that they are observed in the frequency range that extends from 2 to ~37 kHz, and mainly appearing above 16 kHz. The events span from 4 to 110 min and occur in the evening sector (~17–01 magnetic local time), mostly during quiet geomagnetic conditions. Furthermore, they are primarily left-handed polarized and are associated with bursts of lightning-related radio emissions such as sferics and tweeks.

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VLF Emissions With Banded Structure in the 16- to 39-kHz Frequency Range Measured by a High-Latitude Ground-Based Receiver

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