Use of contrast agents on polymeric materials

Polymers are one of the fastest growing areas in biomaterials, and are used in a wide range of medical applications. One the limitations of many medical polymers is low visibility in X-ray images. X-ray imaging can be used to assess implant positioning and function after an operation and it is also possible to use X-ray fluoroscopy to aid implant positioning during surgery. This presentation explores the current approaches used to enhance the radiopacity in polymers, focusing on two implantable polymeric materials; poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). These polymers are used clinically for long term implant applications, such as hip and knee replacements, where they are in direct contact with biological tissues and subjected to challenging mechanical and chemical conditions.