Time of use tariff design for domestic customers from flat rate by model-based clustering

This paper proposes a novel method to design feasible Time-of-Use (TOU) tariffs from flat rate by clustering techniques for domestic customers. The determinations in two groups of TOU are identified following variation in energy prices and in demand respectively. With a number of price-oriented and load-oriented TOU tariffs, the investigation is further carried out to explore the effects of different types of TOU tariffs on domestic demand response (DR). The DR in this paper is enabled by a household storage battery for benefit quantification, and the objective of the DR to each specific TOU tariff is to minimize the electricity bills for end customers.