TiDES: The 4MOST Time Domain Extragalactic Survey

the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adff4e

TiDES: The 4MOST Time Domain Extragalactic Survey

the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration

University of Southampton
University of Oxford
Lancaster University
University of Surrey
University of Portsmouth
University College London
American Museum of Natural History
University of Cambridge
Yonsei University
The Australian National University
Trinity College Dublin
Swinburne University of Technology
Queen's University Belfast
University of Tartu

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

17 Citations (SciVal)

Abstract

The Time Domain Extragalactic Survey (TiDES) conducted on the 4 m Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope will perform spectroscopic follow-up of extragalactic transients discovered in the era of the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory. TiDES will conduct a 5 yr survey, covering > 14 , 000 square degrees , and use around 250,000 fibre hours to address three main science goals: (i) spectroscopic observations of >30,000 live transients, (ii) comprehensive follow-up of >200,000 host galaxies to obtain redshift measurements, and (iii) repeat spectroscopic observations of active galactic nuclei to enable reverberation mapping studies. The live spectra from TiDES will be used to reveal the diversity and astrophysics of both normal and exotic supernovae across the luminosity-timescale plane. The extensive host-galaxy redshift campaign will allow exploitation of the larger sample of supernovae and improve photometric classification, providing the largest-ever sample of SNe Ia, capable of a sub-2% measurement of the equation-of-state of dark energy. Finally, the TiDES reverberation mapping experiment of 700-1000 AGN will complement the SN Ia sample and extend the Hubble diagram to z ∼ 2.5.

Original language	English
Article number	158
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	992
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adff4e
Publication status	Published - 10 Oct 2025

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ricardo Demarco and Swayamtrupta Panda for their comments on this manuscript.

This paper has undergone internal review in the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration. The internal reviewers were Chris Lidman and Alex Gagliano.

Funding

C.F. and M.Su. acknowledge support from STFC funding for UK participation in LSST, through grants ST/V002031/1 and ST/X00130X/1. M.N. is supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 948381) and by UK Space Agency grant No. ST/Y000692/1. S.F.H. acknowledges funding from STFC grant ST/Y001656/1 and from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the UK government’s Horizon Europe funding Guarantee (EP/Z533920/1). S.J.S. acknowledges funding from STFC grants ST/Y001605/1, ST/X001253/1, ST/X006506/1, ST/T000198/1 and the a Royal Society Research Professorship grant. A.M. is supported by the ARC Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DECRA) project No. DE230100055. Y.-L.K. has received funding from the Science and Technology Facilities Council [grant No. ST/V000713/1]. Y.-L.K. was supported by the Lee Wonchul Fellowship, funded through the BK21 Fostering Outstanding Universities for Research (FOUR) Program (grant No. 4120200513819) and the National Research Foundation of Korea to the Center for Galaxy Evolution Research (RS-2022-NR070872, RS-2022-NR070525). L.K. acknowledges support for an Early Career Fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust through grant ECF-2024-054 and the Isaac Newton Trust through grant 24.08(w). E.T. acknowledges funding from the HTM (grant TK202), ETAg (grant PRG1006) and the EU Horizon Europe (EXCOSM, grant No. 101159513). The DESC acknowledges ongoing support from the Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules in France; the Science & Technology Facilities Council in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the LSST Corporation in the United States. DESC uses resources of the IN2P3 Computing Center (CC-IN2P3–Lyon/Villeurbanne - France) funded by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231; STFC DiRAC HPC Facilities, funded by UK BEIS National E-infrastructure capital grants; and the UK particle physics grid, supported by the GridPP Collaboration. This work was performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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Cite this

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title = "TiDES: The 4MOST Time Domain Extragalactic Survey",

abstract = "The Time Domain Extragalactic Survey (TiDES) conducted on the 4 m Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope will perform spectroscopic follow-up of extragalactic transients discovered in the era of the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory. TiDES will conduct a 5 yr survey, covering > 14 , 000 square degrees , and use around 250,000 fibre hours to address three main science goals: (i) spectroscopic observations of >30,000 live transients, (ii) comprehensive follow-up of >200,000 host galaxies to obtain redshift measurements, and (iii) repeat spectroscopic observations of active galactic nuclei to enable reverberation mapping studies. The live spectra from TiDES will be used to reveal the diversity and astrophysics of both normal and exotic supernovae across the luminosity-timescale plane. The extensive host-galaxy redshift campaign will allow exploitation of the larger sample of supernovae and improve photometric classification, providing the largest-ever sample of SNe Ia, capable of a sub-2\% measurement of the equation-of-state of dark energy. Finally, the TiDES reverberation mapping experiment of 700-1000 AGN will complement the SN Ia sample and extend the Hubble diagram to z ∼ 2.5.",

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AU - Hook, I.

AU - Kelsey, L.

AU - Kim, Y. L.

AU - Lidman, C.

AU - Maguire, K.

AU - Makrygianni, L.

AU - Martin, B.

AU - Möller, A.

AU - Nichol, R. C.

AU - Nicholl, M.

AU - Schady, P.

AU - Simmons, B. D.

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TiDES: The 4MOST Time Domain Extragalactic Survey

Abstract

Acknowledgements

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