The zero-emissions resource pool: construction materials compatible with a realistic view of delivering zero-emissions in the UK by 2050

The construction sector faces the daunting task of meeting growing construction demand with a 'zero-emission resource pool'—materials that are compatible with a near-future zero-emissions economy. Most decarbonisation roadmaps and scenario analyses for the sector depend heavily on high-risk technologies such as carbon storage that have not yet been deployed at significant scale, or favour recycling whilst overlooking likely constraints from limited supplies of zero-emissions electricity. This paper therefore provides a first critical review of options to supply construction materials in the UK with realistic expectations about the availability of carbon storage, zero-emissions electricity and zero-emissions transport. The paper focuses on nine key construction materials—concrete, steel, aluminium, structural glass, timber, earth, stone, lime and straw. We conclude that the zero-emissions resource pool includes virgin bio-based materials, limited by the availability of productive land, virgin earth and stone, limited by local geology and transportation, recycled materials, limited by the availability of scrap and emission-free electricity, and reused components, limited by availability and refurbishment potential. This points to the need for a revision to the national construction strategy and a range of entrepreneurial opportunities in delivering the services of construction within a reduced material budget.