TY - JOUR
T1 - The relative effectiveness of R&D tax credits and R&D subsidies
T2 - A comparative meta-regression analysis
AU - Dimos, Christos
AU - Pugh, Geoff
AU - Hisarciklilar, Mehtap
AU - Talam, Ema
AU - Jackson, Ian
N1 - Funding Information:
We received important suggestions from participants at the September 2016 Colloquium of the Meta-Analysis of Economics Research Network (MAER-Net) at Hendrix College, Arkansas, USA. Particular thanks go to Dr Dragana Radicic and Professor Mehmet Uğur who commented on the pre-submission draft. Remaining shortcomings are the authors' responsibility. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
PY - 2022/7/31
Y1 - 2022/7/31
N2 - There are large primary literatures that evaluate the effectiveness of either R&D tax credits or R&D subsidies in promoting private R&D. However, this Meta-Regression Analysis, by investigating these literatures jointly, is the first study that systematically measures and compares the effectiveness of these two policy instruments. After controlling for publication selection and sources of heterogeneity, we find that both tax credits and subsidies induce additional private R&D and that neither instrument systematically outperforms the other. However, whereas subsidy effects are increasing over time tax credit effects are not. Although their respective effects are “small”, they are not negligible: in round terms, an additional $1 of public R&D support of either type induces 7.5 cents of additional private R&D expenditure. Sources of heterogeneity in the reported effects include: tax credits are most effectively delivered as “incremental” schemes, are more effective in economies with a balanced “policy-mix” regime, and are generally less effective for micro firms and SMEs than for large firms; while subsidies are more effective for manufacturing firms, although not for high-tech firms, and are more effective than tax credits in economies predominantly using subsidies. Finally, we argue for the importance of statistical power in the design of evaluation studies.
AB - There are large primary literatures that evaluate the effectiveness of either R&D tax credits or R&D subsidies in promoting private R&D. However, this Meta-Regression Analysis, by investigating these literatures jointly, is the first study that systematically measures and compares the effectiveness of these two policy instruments. After controlling for publication selection and sources of heterogeneity, we find that both tax credits and subsidies induce additional private R&D and that neither instrument systematically outperforms the other. However, whereas subsidy effects are increasing over time tax credit effects are not. Although their respective effects are “small”, they are not negligible: in round terms, an additional $1 of public R&D support of either type induces 7.5 cents of additional private R&D expenditure. Sources of heterogeneity in the reported effects include: tax credits are most effectively delivered as “incremental” schemes, are more effective in economies with a balanced “policy-mix” regime, and are generally less effective for micro firms and SMEs than for large firms; while subsidies are more effective for manufacturing firms, although not for high-tech firms, and are more effective than tax credits in economies predominantly using subsidies. Finally, we argue for the importance of statistical power in the design of evaluation studies.
KW - Additionality
KW - Meta-regression analysis
KW - Policy evaluation
KW - Publication bias
KW - R&D subsidies
KW - R&D tax credits
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85125475423&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102450
DO - 10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102450
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85125475423
VL - 115
JO - Technovation
JF - Technovation
SN - 0166-4972
M1 - 102450
ER -