TY - JOUR
T1 - Synthesis of biodiesel from waste palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) via Taguchi optimisation method
AU - Esan, Akintomiwa O.
AU - Olalere, Olusegun A.
AU - Gan, Chee Yuen
AU - Smith, Siwaporn M.
AU - Ganesan, Shangeetha
N1 - Funding Information:
The first author acknowledges the support from LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria and TETFUND, Abuja, Nigeria. The authors acknowledge the research grant support of Universiti Sains Malaysia ( 1001/PKIMIA/8011137 ).
PY - 2021/11
Y1 - 2021/11
N2 - The sustainability of the biodiesel production process is a controversial issue in terms of the production cost and promotion of a clean and safe energy process without adverse effects on the environment. Hence, the need to achieve energy sustainability is paramount due to the environmental benefits of biodiesel. In this study, a new approach was reported for biodiesel production from a cheap and readily available waste feedstock, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). An environmentally friendly green solvent, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), was utilised in the esterification of free fatty acids present in PFAD. The major influencing reaction parameters were optimised using the Taguchi (L9) orthogonal design, and statistical analysis was employed to determine the percentage contribution of the individual parameter on biodiesel yields. The maximum biodiesel yield of 89.50% was obtained at optimised reaction conditions, using the reaction time of 3.5 h, reaction temperature of 90 °C, DMC to PFAD molar ratio of 10:1 and catalyst concentration of 12 wt%. The percentage contribution of each of the individual parameters on the biodiesel yield was determined as follows: catalyst concentration (51.72%), reaction temperature (30.14%), DMC to PFAD molar ratio (16.94%), and reaction time (1.21%). The mechanism of esterification reaction between PFAD and DMC has also been proposed. This study illustrates that DMC can be successfully employed as an excellent methylating agent for the esterification of PFAD waste feedstock. The validation study also revealed a good agreement between the predicted and experimental values.
AB - The sustainability of the biodiesel production process is a controversial issue in terms of the production cost and promotion of a clean and safe energy process without adverse effects on the environment. Hence, the need to achieve energy sustainability is paramount due to the environmental benefits of biodiesel. In this study, a new approach was reported for biodiesel production from a cheap and readily available waste feedstock, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). An environmentally friendly green solvent, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), was utilised in the esterification of free fatty acids present in PFAD. The major influencing reaction parameters were optimised using the Taguchi (L9) orthogonal design, and statistical analysis was employed to determine the percentage contribution of the individual parameter on biodiesel yields. The maximum biodiesel yield of 89.50% was obtained at optimised reaction conditions, using the reaction time of 3.5 h, reaction temperature of 90 °C, DMC to PFAD molar ratio of 10:1 and catalyst concentration of 12 wt%. The percentage contribution of each of the individual parameters on the biodiesel yield was determined as follows: catalyst concentration (51.72%), reaction temperature (30.14%), DMC to PFAD molar ratio (16.94%), and reaction time (1.21%). The mechanism of esterification reaction between PFAD and DMC has also been proposed. This study illustrates that DMC can be successfully employed as an excellent methylating agent for the esterification of PFAD waste feedstock. The validation study also revealed a good agreement between the predicted and experimental values.
KW - Biodiesel
KW - Dimethyl carbonate
KW - Esterification
KW - Palm fatty acid distillate
KW - Taguchi
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85116642766&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106262
DO - 10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106262
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85116642766
SN - 0961-9534
VL - 154
JO - Biomass and Bioenergy
JF - Biomass and Bioenergy
M1 - 106262
ER -