Stratospheric gravity waves in three high-resolution models and AIRS satellite observations

Advances in computational power and model development have enabled the generation of global high-resolution models. These new models can resolve a large proportion of gravity waves (GWs) explicitly, reducing reliance on subgrid parametrizations. GWs are vital components of the middle and upper atmosphere, they transport energy and momentum both horizontally and vertically, driving the atmospheric circulation. Evaluating the realism of these resolved waves is a crucial step in advancing future model development. Here we provide the first global multi-model GW observational comparison that accounts for the observational filter. We assess the representation of stratospheric GWs in three high-resolution (3–5 km horizontal resolution) global free-running simulations (ICON, IFS and GEOS), for the period 20 January–29 February 2020, against AIRS satellite observations. Time-mean wave amplitudes are systematically lower in the models than observations, consistent with previous studies. GW occurrence rates are higher in all models than the observations, dominated by low amplitude waves in the models. During the first 10 d spatial patterns of GW occurrence rate, amplitudes and momentum flux agree across the models and observations but subsequently they diverge. Agreement is more consistent in the Northern Hemisphere (where orographic waves dominate) than in the Southern Hemisphere (where convective waves dominate). These results benchmark the current state of high-resolution modelling and demonstrate that whilst there are strengths in models' ability to capture the morphology of GWs (particularly orographically generated waves), there is room for improvement in modelling amplitudes, occurrence rates and zonal-mean flux magnitudes globally, with the largest discrepancies in the tropical convective regions.