Simulation of Earth-Ionosphere Cavity Resonances With Lightning Flashes Reported by OTD/LIS

Martin Füllekrug

doi:10.1029/2021JD035721

Simulation of Earth-Ionosphere Cavity Resonances With Lightning Flashes Reported by OTD/LIS

Martin Füllekrug

University of Bath

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

2 Citations (SciVal)

Abstract

Lightning flashes cause a globally resonant electromagnetic wave field known as Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances. This global wave field is simulated here by use of lightning flashes reported by the lightning imagers on board the Optical Transient Detector (OTD)/Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) space missions. The stochastic occurrence of global lightning flashes in time and space is described with a likelihood function composed of a series of delta functions. This likelihood function is generated by random variates calculated from inverse transform sampling of the global lightning distributions measured by OTD/LIS. The simulation uses spherical harmonic expansion coefficients, calculated from frequency and distance dependent magnetic field measurements, to describe the wave field around the Earth. The incoherent superposition of the waves at each location results in simulated time series and spectra. The simulations agree very well with actual measurements of magnetic fields with a radiometer at Arrival Heights in the Antarctic as part of the Stanford ELF/VLF Radio Noise Survey. The simulated relative radiant energy distributions are attributed to corresponding “Earth-ionosphere cavity brightness temperatures” T_EIC. The spherical harmonic expansion of these brightness temperatures exhibits a spectrum where the amplitudes of the spatial expansion coefficients decrease with increasing angular degree. The calculated Earth-ionosphere cavity brightness temperatures can be used for comparison with atmospheric temperatures in future studies.

Original language	English
Article number	e2021JD035721
Journal	Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
Volume	126
Issue number	24
Early online date	10 Dec 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035721
Publication status	Published - 27 Dec 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The work of Martin Füllekrug was sponsored by the Royal Society (UK) grant NMG/R1/180252 and the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) under grants NE/L012669/1 and NE/H024921/1. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska‐Curie grant agreement 722337. Martin Füllekrug wishes to thank Antony C. Fraser‐Smith for numerous insightful discussion over the years and access to measurements at Arrival Heights, Antarctica, as part of the Stanford ELF/VLF Radio Noise Survey. Martin Füllekrug acknowledges many helpful discussions with Frank Tschepke, Michael Rycroft, and Maria Valero. This work was partly initiated by the Schumann resonance WG4 workshop of the European Commission COST action Electronet in Santander Spain, 25–28 February 2020. Martin Füllekrug wishes to thank Jozséf Bór and Pablo Fernández de Arróyabe for their invitation to attend. Special thanks to Frank Tschepke for encouragement and Solène Lapasset for inspiration and most kindly enlightning services to humanity. The author wishes to thank two anonymous reviewers and Alexander Nickolaenko for their assistance to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Funding

The work of Martin Füllekrug was sponsored by the Royal Society (UK) grant NMG/R1/180252 and the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) under grants NE/L012669/1 and NE/H024921/1. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska‐Curie grant agreement 722337. Martin Füllekrug wishes to thank Antony C. Fraser‐Smith for numerous insightful discussion over the years and access to measurements at Arrival Heights, Antarctica, as part of the Stanford ELF/VLF Radio Noise Survey. Martin Füllekrug acknowledges many helpful discussions with Frank Tschepke, Michael Rycroft, and Maria Valero. This work was partly initiated by the Schumann resonance WG4 workshop of the European Commission COST action Electronet in Santander Spain, 25–28 February 2020. Martin Füllekrug wishes to thank Jozséf Bór and Pablo Fernández de Arróyabe for their invitation to attend. Special thanks to Frank Tschepke for encouragement and Solène Lapasset for inspiration and most kindly enlightning services to humanity. The author wishes to thank two anonymous reviewers and Alexander Nickolaenko for their assistance to improve the quality of the manuscript. The work of Martin F?llekrug was sponsored by the Royal Society (UK) grant NMG/R1/180252 and the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) under grants NE/L012669/1 and NE/H024921/1. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement 722337. Martin F?llekrug wishes to thank Antony C. Fraser-Smith for numerous insightful discussion over the years and access to measurements at Arrival Heights, Antarctica, as part of the Stanford ELF/VLF Radio Noise Survey. Martin F?llekrug acknowledges many helpful discussions with Frank Tschepke, Michael Rycroft, and Maria Valero. This work was partly initiated by the Schumann resonance WG4 workshop of the European Commission COST action Electronet in Santander Spain, 25?28 February 2020. Martin F?llekrug wishes to thank Jozs?f B?r and Pablo Fern?ndez de Arr?yabe for their invitation to attend. Special thanks to Frank Tschepke for encouragement and Sol?ne Lapasset for inspiration and most kindly enlightning services to humanity. The author wishes to thank two anonymous reviewers and Alexander Nickolaenko for their assistance to improve the quality of the manuscript.

Keywords

atmospheric and space electricity
electromagnetic noise
lightning

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Atmospheric Science
Geophysics
Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
Space and Planetary Science

Access to Document

10.1029/2021JD035721Licence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "Simulation of Earth-Ionosphere Cavity Resonances With Lightning Flashes Reported by OTD/LIS",

abstract = "Lightning flashes cause a globally resonant electromagnetic wave field known as Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances. This global wave field is simulated here by use of lightning flashes reported by the lightning imagers on board the Optical Transient Detector (OTD)/Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) space missions. The stochastic occurrence of global lightning flashes in time and space is described with a likelihood function composed of a series of delta functions. This likelihood function is generated by random variates calculated from inverse transform sampling of the global lightning distributions measured by OTD/LIS. The simulation uses spherical harmonic expansion coefficients, calculated from frequency and distance dependent magnetic field measurements, to describe the wave field around the Earth. The incoherent superposition of the waves at each location results in simulated time series and spectra. The simulations agree very well with actual measurements of magnetic fields with a radiometer at Arrival Heights in the Antarctic as part of the Stanford ELF/VLF Radio Noise Survey. The simulated relative radiant energy distributions are attributed to corresponding “Earth-ionosphere cavity brightness temperatures” TEIC. The spherical harmonic expansion of these brightness temperatures exhibits a spectrum where the amplitudes of the spatial expansion coefficients decrease with increasing angular degree. The calculated Earth-ionosphere cavity brightness temperatures can be used for comparison with atmospheric temperatures in future studies.",

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author = "Martin F{\"u}llekrug",

note = "Funding Information: The work of Martin F{\"u}llekrug was sponsored by the Royal Society (UK) grant NMG/R1/180252 and the Natural Environment Research Council (UK) under grants NE/L012669/1 and NE/H024921/1. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska‐Curie grant agreement 722337. Martin F{\"u}llekrug wishes to thank Antony C. Fraser‐Smith for numerous insightful discussion over the years and access to measurements at Arrival Heights, Antarctica, as part of the Stanford ELF/VLF Radio Noise Survey. Martin F{\"u}llekrug acknowledges many helpful discussions with Frank Tschepke, Michael Rycroft, and Maria Valero. This work was partly initiated by the Schumann resonance WG4 workshop of the European Commission COST action Electronet in Santander Spain, 25–28 February 2020. Martin F{\"u}llekrug wishes to thank Jozs{\'e}f B{\'o}r and Pablo Fern{\'a}ndez de Arr{\'o}yabe for their invitation to attend. Special thanks to Frank Tschepke for encouragement and Sol{\`e}ne Lapasset for inspiration and most kindly enlightning services to humanity. The author wishes to thank two anonymous reviewers and Alexander Nickolaenko for their assistance to improve the quality of the manuscript. ",

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N2 - Lightning flashes cause a globally resonant electromagnetic wave field known as Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances. This global wave field is simulated here by use of lightning flashes reported by the lightning imagers on board the Optical Transient Detector (OTD)/Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) space missions. The stochastic occurrence of global lightning flashes in time and space is described with a likelihood function composed of a series of delta functions. This likelihood function is generated by random variates calculated from inverse transform sampling of the global lightning distributions measured by OTD/LIS. The simulation uses spherical harmonic expansion coefficients, calculated from frequency and distance dependent magnetic field measurements, to describe the wave field around the Earth. The incoherent superposition of the waves at each location results in simulated time series and spectra. The simulations agree very well with actual measurements of magnetic fields with a radiometer at Arrival Heights in the Antarctic as part of the Stanford ELF/VLF Radio Noise Survey. The simulated relative radiant energy distributions are attributed to corresponding “Earth-ionosphere cavity brightness temperatures” TEIC. The spherical harmonic expansion of these brightness temperatures exhibits a spectrum where the amplitudes of the spatial expansion coefficients decrease with increasing angular degree. The calculated Earth-ionosphere cavity brightness temperatures can be used for comparison with atmospheric temperatures in future studies.

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Simulation of Earth-Ionosphere Cavity Resonances With Lightning Flashes Reported by OTD/LIS

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Radio Tomography for Atmospheric Science

Relativistic Electron Beams Above Thunderclouds

Data for the publication "Simulation of Earth-Ionosphere Cavity Resonances with Lightning Flashes Reported by OTD/LIS"

Cite this

Simulation of Earth-Ionosphere Cavity Resonances With Lightning Flashes Reported by OTD/LIS

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

Radio Tomography for Atmospheric Science

Relativistic Electron Beams Above Thunderclouds

Datasets

Data for the publication "Simulation of Earth-Ionosphere Cavity Resonances with Lightning Flashes Reported by OTD/LIS"

Cite this