Risks of covid-19 hospital admission and death for people with learning disability: population based cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform

Elizabeth J Williamson, Helen I McDonald, Krishnan Bhaskaran, Alex J Walker, Sebastian Bacon, Simon Davy, Anna Schultze, Laurie Tomlinson, Chris Bates, Mary Ramsay, Helen J Curtis, Harriet Forbes, Kevin Wing, Caroline Minassian, John Tazare, Caroline E Morton, Emily Nightingale, Amir Mehrkar, Dave Evans, Peter InglesbyBrian MacKenna, Jonathan Cockburn, Christopher T Rentsch, Rohini Mathur, Angel Y S Wong, Rosalind M Eggo, William Hulme, Richard Croker, John Parry, Frank Hester, Sam Harper, Ian J Douglas, Stephen J W Evans, Liam Smeeth, Ben Goldacre, Hannah Kuper

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

76 Citations (SciVal)

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between learning disability and risk of hospital admission and death from covid-19 in England among adults and children.

DESIGN: Population based cohort study on behalf of NHS England using the OpenSAFELY platform.

SETTING: Patient level data were obtained for more than 17 million people registered with a general practice in England that uses TPP software. Electronic health records were linked with death data from the Office for National Statistics and hospital admission data from NHS Secondary Uses Service.

PARTICIPANTS: Adults (aged 16-105 years) and children (<16 years) from two cohorts: wave 1 (registered with a TPP practice as of 1 March 2020 and followed until 31 August 2020); and wave 2 (registered 1 September 2020 and followed until 8 February 2021). The main exposure group consisted of people on a general practice learning disability register; a subgroup was defined as those having profound or severe learning disability. People with Down's syndrome and cerebral palsy were identified (whether or not they were on the learning disability register).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Covid-19 related hospital admission and covid-19 related death. Non-covid-19 deaths were also explored.

RESULTS: For wave 1, 14 312 023 adults aged ≥16 years were included, and 90 307 (0.63%) were on the learning disability register. Among adults on the register, 538 (0.6%) had a covid-19 related hospital admission; there were 222 (0.25%) covid-19 related deaths and 602 (0.7%) non-covid deaths. Among adults not on the register, 29 781 (0.2%) had a covid-19 related hospital admission; there were 13 737 (0.1%) covid-19 related deaths and 69 837 (0.5%) non-covid deaths. Wave 1 hazard ratios for adults on the learning disability register (adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and geographical location) were 5.3 (95% confidence interval 4.9 to 5.8) for covid-19 related hospital admission and 8.2 (7.2 to 9.4) for covid-19 related death. Wave 2 produced similar estimates. Associations were stronger among those classified as having severe to profound learning disability, and among those in residential care. For both waves, Down's syndrome and cerebral palsy were associated with increased hazards for both events; Down's syndrome to a greater extent. Hazard ratios for non-covid deaths followed similar patterns with weaker associations. Similar patterns of increased relative risk were seen for children, but covid-19 related deaths and hospital admissions were rare, reflecting low event rates among children.

CONCLUSIONS: People with learning disability have markedly increased risks of hospital admission and death from covid-19, over and above the risks observed for non-covid causes of death. Prompt access to covid-19 testing and healthcare is warranted for this vulnerable group, and prioritisation for covid-19 vaccination and other targeted preventive measures should be considered.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)n1592
JournalBMJ (Clinical research ed.)
Volume374
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 14 Jul 2021
Externally publishedYes

Bibliographical note

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

Keywords

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • COVID-19/epidemiology
  • Cerebral Palsy/epidemiology
  • Cohort Studies
  • Disabled Persons
  • Down Syndrome/epidemiology
  • England/epidemiology
  • Female
  • Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
  • Humans
  • Learning Disabilities/epidemiology
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Young Adult

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Risks of covid-19 hospital admission and death for people with learning disability: population based cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this