Reverse Iontophoretic Extraction of Skin Cancer-Related Biomarkers

Maxim Morin; Sebastian Björklund; Skaidre  Jankovskaja; Kieran Moore; Begona Delgado-Charro; Tautgirdas  Ruzgas; Richard Guy; Johan  Engblom

doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14010079

Reverse Iontophoretic Extraction of Skin Cancer-Related Biomarkers

Maxim Morin, Sebastian Björklund, Skaidre Jankovskaja, Kieran Moore, Begona Delgado-Charro, Tautgirdas Ruzgas, Richard Guy, Johan Engblom

Malmö University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5 Citations (SciVal)

Abstract

Non-invasive methods for early diagnosis of skin cancer are highly valued. One possibleapproach is to monitor relevant biomarkers such as tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn), onthe skin surface. The primary aim of this in vitro investigation was, therefore, to examine whetherreverse iontophoresis (RI) can enhance the extraction of Trp and Kyn, and to demonstrate how theTrp/Kyn ratio acquired from the skin surface reflects that in the epidermal tissue. The study alsoexplored whether the pH of the receiver medium impacted on extraction efficiency, and assessedthe suitability of a bicontinuous cubic liquid crystal as an alternative to a simple buffer solution forthis purpose. RI substantially enhanced the extraction of Trp and Kyn, in particular towards thecathode. The Trp/Kyn ratio obtained on the surface matched that in the viable skin. Increasingthe receiver solution pH from 4 to 9 improved extraction of both analytes, but did not significantlychange the Trp/Kyn ratio. RI extraction of Trp and Kyn into the cubic liquid crystal was comparableto that achieved with simple aqueous receiver solutions. We conclude that RI offers a potential fornon-invasive sampling of low-molecular weight biomarkers and further investigations in vivo aretherefore warranted.

Original language	English
Article number	79
Journal	Pharmaceutics
Volume	14
Issue number	1
Early online date	29 Dec 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010079
Publication status	Published - 31 Jan 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge the Knowledge Foundation for financial support of the project. M.M. would like to acknowledge the Reidar Peters Internationalization Fund for financial support to visit R. H. Guy’s lab at University of Bath, UK. J.E., and T.R. also thank the Gustaf Th Olsson foundation for financial support.

Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by Knowledge Foundation via the project “Non-invasive monitoring of skin-disorders progression and healing—a low molecular weight biomarker approach” (Grant number—20170058).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords

Bicontinuous cubic liquid crystals
Cancer-related biomarkers
Kynurenine
Non-invasive extraction
Tryptophan
Tryptophan-to-kynurenine ratio

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Pharmaceutical Science

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.3390/pharmaceutics14010079Licence: CC BY

Cite this

@article{901f026fa6404cd290b1b0336851095c,

title = "Reverse Iontophoretic Extraction of Skin Cancer-Related Biomarkers",

abstract = "Non-invasive methods for early diagnosis of skin cancer are highly valued. One possibleapproach is to monitor relevant biomarkers such as tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn), onthe skin surface. The primary aim of this in vitro investigation was, therefore, to examine whetherreverse iontophoresis (RI) can enhance the extraction of Trp and Kyn, and to demonstrate how theTrp/Kyn ratio acquired from the skin surface reflects that in the epidermal tissue. The study alsoexplored whether the pH of the receiver medium impacted on extraction efficiency, and assessedthe suitability of a bicontinuous cubic liquid crystal as an alternative to a simple buffer solution forthis purpose. RI substantially enhanced the extraction of Trp and Kyn, in particular towards thecathode. The Trp/Kyn ratio obtained on the surface matched that in the viable skin. Increasingthe receiver solution pH from 4 to 9 improved extraction of both analytes, but did not significantlychange the Trp/Kyn ratio. RI extraction of Trp and Kyn into the cubic liquid crystal was comparableto that achieved with simple aqueous receiver solutions. We conclude that RI offers a potential fornon-invasive sampling of low-molecular weight biomarkers and further investigations in vivo aretherefore warranted.",

keywords = "Bicontinuous cubic liquid crystals, Cancer-related biomarkers, Kynurenine, Non-invasive extraction, Tryptophan, Tryptophan-to-kynurenine ratio",

author = "Maxim Morin and Sebastian Bj{\"o}rklund and Skaidre Jankovskaja and Kieran Moore and Begona Delgado-Charro and Tautgirdas Ruzgas and Richard Guy and Johan Engblom",

note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge the Knowledge Foundation for financial support of the project. M.M. would like to acknowledge the Reidar Peters Internationalization Fund for financial support to visit R. H. Guy{\textquoteright}s lab at University of Bath, UK. J.E., and T.R. also thank the Gustaf Th Olsson foundation for financial support. Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by Knowledge Foundation via the project “Non-invasive monitoring of skin-disorders progression and healing—a low molecular weight biomarker approach” (Grant number—20170058). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",

year = "2022",

month = jan,

day = "31",

doi = "10.3390/pharmaceutics14010079",

language = "English",

volume = "14",

journal = "Pharmaceutics",

issn = "1999-4923",

publisher = "MDPI",

number = "1",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Reverse Iontophoretic Extraction of Skin Cancer-Related Biomarkers

AU - Morin, Maxim

AU - Björklund, Sebastian

AU - Jankovskaja, Skaidre

AU - Moore, Kieran

AU - Delgado-Charro, Begona

AU - Ruzgas, Tautgirdas

AU - Guy, Richard

AU - Engblom, Johan

N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge the Knowledge Foundation for financial support of the project. M.M. would like to acknowledge the Reidar Peters Internationalization Fund for financial support to visit R. H. Guy’s lab at University of Bath, UK. J.E., and T.R. also thank the Gustaf Th Olsson foundation for financial support. Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by Knowledge Foundation via the project “Non-invasive monitoring of skin-disorders progression and healing—a low molecular weight biomarker approach” (Grant number—20170058). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

PY - 2022/1/31

Y1 - 2022/1/31

N2 - Non-invasive methods for early diagnosis of skin cancer are highly valued. One possibleapproach is to monitor relevant biomarkers such as tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn), onthe skin surface. The primary aim of this in vitro investigation was, therefore, to examine whetherreverse iontophoresis (RI) can enhance the extraction of Trp and Kyn, and to demonstrate how theTrp/Kyn ratio acquired from the skin surface reflects that in the epidermal tissue. The study alsoexplored whether the pH of the receiver medium impacted on extraction efficiency, and assessedthe suitability of a bicontinuous cubic liquid crystal as an alternative to a simple buffer solution forthis purpose. RI substantially enhanced the extraction of Trp and Kyn, in particular towards thecathode. The Trp/Kyn ratio obtained on the surface matched that in the viable skin. Increasingthe receiver solution pH from 4 to 9 improved extraction of both analytes, but did not significantlychange the Trp/Kyn ratio. RI extraction of Trp and Kyn into the cubic liquid crystal was comparableto that achieved with simple aqueous receiver solutions. We conclude that RI offers a potential fornon-invasive sampling of low-molecular weight biomarkers and further investigations in vivo aretherefore warranted.

AB - Non-invasive methods for early diagnosis of skin cancer are highly valued. One possibleapproach is to monitor relevant biomarkers such as tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (Kyn), onthe skin surface. The primary aim of this in vitro investigation was, therefore, to examine whetherreverse iontophoresis (RI) can enhance the extraction of Trp and Kyn, and to demonstrate how theTrp/Kyn ratio acquired from the skin surface reflects that in the epidermal tissue. The study alsoexplored whether the pH of the receiver medium impacted on extraction efficiency, and assessedthe suitability of a bicontinuous cubic liquid crystal as an alternative to a simple buffer solution forthis purpose. RI substantially enhanced the extraction of Trp and Kyn, in particular towards thecathode. The Trp/Kyn ratio obtained on the surface matched that in the viable skin. Increasingthe receiver solution pH from 4 to 9 improved extraction of both analytes, but did not significantlychange the Trp/Kyn ratio. RI extraction of Trp and Kyn into the cubic liquid crystal was comparableto that achieved with simple aqueous receiver solutions. We conclude that RI offers a potential fornon-invasive sampling of low-molecular weight biomarkers and further investigations in vivo aretherefore warranted.

KW - Bicontinuous cubic liquid crystals

KW - Cancer-related biomarkers

KW - Kynurenine

KW - Non-invasive extraction

KW - Tryptophan

KW - Tryptophan-to-kynurenine ratio

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85122161916&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010079

DO - 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010079

M3 - Article

SN - 1999-4923

VL - 14

JO - Pharmaceutics

JF - Pharmaceutics

IS - 1

M1 - 79

ER -

Reverse Iontophoretic Extraction of Skin Cancer-Related Biomarkers

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this