Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women

Aaron Hengist; Russell G. Davies; Peter J. Rogers; Jeff M. Brunstrom; Luc J. C. van Loon; Jean-Philippe Walhin; Dylan Thompson; Francoise Koumanov; James A. Betts; Javier T. Gonzalez

doi:10.1007/s00394-022-03048-x

Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women

Aaron Hengist, Russell G. Davies, Peter J. Rogers, Jeff M. Brunstrom, Luc J. C. van Loon, Jean-Philippe Walhin, Dylan Thompson, Francoise Koumanov, James A. Betts, Javier T. Gonzalez

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

9 Citations (SciVal)

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the effects of dietary sugar or carbohydrate restriction on physical activity energy expenditure, energy intake, and physiological outcomes across 24 h. Methods: In a randomized, open-label crossover design, twenty-five healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 15) consumed three diets over a 24-h period: moderate carbohydrate and sugar content (MODSUG = 50% carbohydrate [20% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); low sugar content (LOWSUG = 50% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); and low carbohydrate content (LOWCHO = 8% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 77% fat). Postprandial metabolic responses to a prescribed breakfast (20% EI) were monitored under laboratory conditions before an ad libitum test lunch, with subsequent diet and physical activity monitoring under free-living conditions until blood sample collection the following morning. Results: The MODSUG, LOWSUG and LOWCHO diets resulted in similar mean [95%CI] rates of both physical activity energy expenditure (771 [624, 919] vs. 677 [565, 789] vs. 802 [614, 991] kcal·d ⁻¹; p = 0.29] and energy intake (2071 [1794, 2347] vs. 2195 [1918, 2473] vs. 2194 [1890, 2498] kcal·d ⁻¹; P = 0.34), respectively. The LOWCHO condition elicited the lowest glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to breakfast (P < 0.01) but the highest 24-h increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001), with no differences between the MODSUG and LOWSUG treatments. Leptin concentrations decreased over 24-h of consuming LOWCHO relative to LOWSUG (p < 0.01). Conclusion: When energy density is controlled for, restricting either sugar or total dietary carbohydrate does not modulate physical activity level or energy intake over a 24-h period (~ 19-h free-living) despite substantial metabolic changes. Clinical trials registration ID: NCT03509610, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03509610.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	921-940
Number of pages	20
Journal	European Journal of Nutrition
Volume	62
Issue number	2
Early online date	3 Nov 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03048-x
Publication status	Published - 31 Mar 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was funded by The Rank Prize Funds and Cosun Nutrition Center. A.H. and R.G.D have received funding from The Rank Prize Funds, and The University of Bath. P.J.R. has received funding for research from Sugar Nutrition UK, provided consultancy services for Coca-Cola Great Britain, and received speaker's fees from the Global Stevia Research Institute, ILSI-Brasil, ILSI-Europe, ILSI-India and the International Sweeteners Association, and other support from industry for travel expenses for workshops and conferences where he presented research on sugar and low-calorie sweeteners J.M.B., D.T., and F.K. are investigators on research grants funded by BBSRC and MRC. L.J.C.vL. has received research grants, consulting fees, speaking honoraria, or a combination of these for research on the impact of exercise and nutrition on muscle metabolism, which include funding from Nestlé, Knowledge centre sugar & nutrition, and Pepsico. A full overview on research funding is provided at: https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/l.vanloon . J.A.B. is an investigator on research grants funded by BBSRC, MRC, British Heart Foundation, Rare Disease Foundation, EU Hydration Institute, GlaxoSmithKline, Nestlé, Lucozade Ribena Suntory, ARLA foods and Cosun Nutrition Center; has completed paid consultancy for PepsiCo, Kellogg’s and SVGC; receives an annual stipend as Editor-in Chief of International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism; and receives an annual honorarium as a member of the academic advisory board for the International Olympic Committee Diploma in Sports Nutrition. J.T.G. is an investigator on research grants funded by BBSRC, MRC, British Heart Foundation, The Rank Prize Funds, The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), Lucozade Ribena Suntory, ARLA Foods Ingredients and Cosun Nutrition Center; and has completed paid consultancy for PepsiCo and SVGC.

Keywords

Energy balance
Exercise
Ketogenic
Metabolism

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Medicine (miscellaneous)
Nutrition and Dietetics

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10.1007/s00394-022-03048-xLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Hengist, A., Davies, R. G., Rogers, P. J., Brunstrom, J. M., van Loon, L. J. C., Walhin, J.-P., Thompson, D., Koumanov, F., Betts, J. A., & Gonzalez, J. T. (2023). Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women. European Journal of Nutrition, 62(2), 921-940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03048-x

Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women. / Hengist, Aaron; Davies, Russell G.; Rogers, Peter J. et al.
In: European Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 62, No. 2, 31.03.2023, p. 921-940.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Hengist, A, Davies, RG, Rogers, PJ, Brunstrom, JM, van Loon, LJC, Walhin, J-P , Thompson, D , Koumanov, F , Betts, JA & Gonzalez, JT 2023, 'Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women', European Journal of Nutrition, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 921-940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03048-x

Hengist A, Davies RG, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, van Loon LJC, Walhin JP et al. Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women. European Journal of Nutrition. 2023 Mar 31;62(2):921-940. Epub 2022 Nov 3. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-03048-x

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title = "Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women",

abstract = "Purpose: To determine the effects of dietary sugar or carbohydrate restriction on physical activity energy expenditure, energy intake, and physiological outcomes across 24 h. Methods: In a randomized, open-label crossover design, twenty-five healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 15) consumed three diets over a 24-h period: moderate carbohydrate and sugar content (MODSUG = 50% carbohydrate [20% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); low sugar content (LOWSUG = 50% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); and low carbohydrate content (LOWCHO = 8% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 77% fat). Postprandial metabolic responses to a prescribed breakfast (20% EI) were monitored under laboratory conditions before an ad libitum test lunch, with subsequent diet and physical activity monitoring under free-living conditions until blood sample collection the following morning. Results: The MODSUG, LOWSUG and LOWCHO diets resulted in similar mean [95%CI] rates of both physical activity energy expenditure (771 [624, 919] vs. 677 [565, 789] vs. 802 [614, 991] kcal·d −1; p = 0.29] and energy intake (2071 [1794, 2347] vs. 2195 [1918, 2473] vs. 2194 [1890, 2498] kcal·d −1; P = 0.34), respectively. The LOWCHO condition elicited the lowest glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to breakfast (P < 0.01) but the highest 24-h increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001), with no differences between the MODSUG and LOWSUG treatments. Leptin concentrations decreased over 24-h of consuming LOWCHO relative to LOWSUG (p < 0.01). Conclusion: When energy density is controlled for, restricting either sugar or total dietary carbohydrate does not modulate physical activity level or energy intake over a 24-h period (~ 19-h free-living) despite substantial metabolic changes. Clinical trials registration ID: NCT03509610, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03509610.",

keywords = "Energy balance, Exercise, Ketogenic, Metabolism",

author = "Aaron Hengist and Davies, {Russell G.} and Rogers, {Peter J.} and Brunstrom, {Jeff M.} and {van Loon}, {Luc J. C.} and Jean-Philippe Walhin and Dylan Thompson and Francoise Koumanov and Betts, {James A.} and Gonzalez, {Javier T.}",

note = "Funding Information: This work was funded by The Rank Prize Funds and Cosun Nutrition Center. A.H. and R.G.D have received funding from The Rank Prize Funds, and The University of Bath. P.J.R. has received funding for research from Sugar Nutrition UK, provided consultancy services for Coca-Cola Great Britain, and received speaker's fees from the Global Stevia Research Institute, ILSI-Brasil, ILSI-Europe, ILSI-India and the International Sweeteners Association, and other support from industry for travel expenses for workshops and conferences where he presented research on sugar and low-calorie sweeteners J.M.B., D.T., and F.K. are investigators on research grants funded by BBSRC and MRC. L.J.C.vL. has received research grants, consulting fees, speaking honoraria, or a combination of these for research on the impact of exercise and nutrition on muscle metabolism, which include funding from Nestl{\'e}, Knowledge centre sugar & nutrition, and Pepsico. A full overview on research funding is provided at: https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/l.vanloon . J.A.B. is an investigator on research grants funded by BBSRC, MRC, British Heart Foundation, Rare Disease Foundation, EU Hydration Institute, GlaxoSmithKline, Nestl{\'e}, Lucozade Ribena Suntory, ARLA foods and Cosun Nutrition Center; has completed paid consultancy for PepsiCo, Kellogg{\textquoteright}s and SVGC; receives an annual stipend as Editor-in Chief of International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism; and receives an annual honorarium as a member of the academic advisory board for the International Olympic Committee Diploma in Sports Nutrition. J.T.G. is an investigator on research grants funded by BBSRC, MRC, British Heart Foundation, The Rank Prize Funds, The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), Lucozade Ribena Suntory, ARLA Foods Ingredients and Cosun Nutrition Center; and has completed paid consultancy for PepsiCo and SVGC. ",

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AU - Rogers, Peter J.

AU - Brunstrom, Jeff M.

AU - van Loon, Luc J. C.

AU - Walhin, Jean-Philippe

AU - Thompson, Dylan

AU - Koumanov, Francoise

AU - Betts, James A.

AU - Gonzalez, Javier T.

N1 - Funding Information: This work was funded by The Rank Prize Funds and Cosun Nutrition Center. A.H. and R.G.D have received funding from The Rank Prize Funds, and The University of Bath. P.J.R. has received funding for research from Sugar Nutrition UK, provided consultancy services for Coca-Cola Great Britain, and received speaker's fees from the Global Stevia Research Institute, ILSI-Brasil, ILSI-Europe, ILSI-India and the International Sweeteners Association, and other support from industry for travel expenses for workshops and conferences where he presented research on sugar and low-calorie sweeteners J.M.B., D.T., and F.K. are investigators on research grants funded by BBSRC and MRC. L.J.C.vL. has received research grants, consulting fees, speaking honoraria, or a combination of these for research on the impact of exercise and nutrition on muscle metabolism, which include funding from Nestlé, Knowledge centre sugar & nutrition, and Pepsico. A full overview on research funding is provided at: https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/l.vanloon . J.A.B. is an investigator on research grants funded by BBSRC, MRC, British Heart Foundation, Rare Disease Foundation, EU Hydration Institute, GlaxoSmithKline, Nestlé, Lucozade Ribena Suntory, ARLA foods and Cosun Nutrition Center; has completed paid consultancy for PepsiCo, Kellogg’s and SVGC; receives an annual stipend as Editor-in Chief of International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism; and receives an annual honorarium as a member of the academic advisory board for the International Olympic Committee Diploma in Sports Nutrition. J.T.G. is an investigator on research grants funded by BBSRC, MRC, British Heart Foundation, The Rank Prize Funds, The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), Lucozade Ribena Suntory, ARLA Foods Ingredients and Cosun Nutrition Center; and has completed paid consultancy for PepsiCo and SVGC.

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N2 - Purpose: To determine the effects of dietary sugar or carbohydrate restriction on physical activity energy expenditure, energy intake, and physiological outcomes across 24 h. Methods: In a randomized, open-label crossover design, twenty-five healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 15) consumed three diets over a 24-h period: moderate carbohydrate and sugar content (MODSUG = 50% carbohydrate [20% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); low sugar content (LOWSUG = 50% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); and low carbohydrate content (LOWCHO = 8% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 77% fat). Postprandial metabolic responses to a prescribed breakfast (20% EI) were monitored under laboratory conditions before an ad libitum test lunch, with subsequent diet and physical activity monitoring under free-living conditions until blood sample collection the following morning. Results: The MODSUG, LOWSUG and LOWCHO diets resulted in similar mean [95%CI] rates of both physical activity energy expenditure (771 [624, 919] vs. 677 [565, 789] vs. 802 [614, 991] kcal·d −1; p = 0.29] and energy intake (2071 [1794, 2347] vs. 2195 [1918, 2473] vs. 2194 [1890, 2498] kcal·d −1; P = 0.34), respectively. The LOWCHO condition elicited the lowest glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to breakfast (P < 0.01) but the highest 24-h increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001), with no differences between the MODSUG and LOWSUG treatments. Leptin concentrations decreased over 24-h of consuming LOWCHO relative to LOWSUG (p < 0.01). Conclusion: When energy density is controlled for, restricting either sugar or total dietary carbohydrate does not modulate physical activity level or energy intake over a 24-h period (~ 19-h free-living) despite substantial metabolic changes. Clinical trials registration ID: NCT03509610, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03509610.

AB - Purpose: To determine the effects of dietary sugar or carbohydrate restriction on physical activity energy expenditure, energy intake, and physiological outcomes across 24 h. Methods: In a randomized, open-label crossover design, twenty-five healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 15) consumed three diets over a 24-h period: moderate carbohydrate and sugar content (MODSUG = 50% carbohydrate [20% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); low sugar content (LOWSUG = 50% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); and low carbohydrate content (LOWCHO = 8% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 77% fat). Postprandial metabolic responses to a prescribed breakfast (20% EI) were monitored under laboratory conditions before an ad libitum test lunch, with subsequent diet and physical activity monitoring under free-living conditions until blood sample collection the following morning. Results: The MODSUG, LOWSUG and LOWCHO diets resulted in similar mean [95%CI] rates of both physical activity energy expenditure (771 [624, 919] vs. 677 [565, 789] vs. 802 [614, 991] kcal·d −1; p = 0.29] and energy intake (2071 [1794, 2347] vs. 2195 [1918, 2473] vs. 2194 [1890, 2498] kcal·d −1; P = 0.34), respectively. The LOWCHO condition elicited the lowest glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to breakfast (P < 0.01) but the highest 24-h increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001), with no differences between the MODSUG and LOWSUG treatments. Leptin concentrations decreased over 24-h of consuming LOWCHO relative to LOWSUG (p < 0.01). Conclusion: When energy density is controlled for, restricting either sugar or total dietary carbohydrate does not modulate physical activity level or energy intake over a 24-h period (~ 19-h free-living) despite substantial metabolic changes. Clinical trials registration ID: NCT03509610, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03509610.

KW - Energy balance

KW - Exercise

KW - Ketogenic

KW - Metabolism

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Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women

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Bibliographical note

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ASJC Scopus subject areas

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Role of Rab3 in Peripheral Tissue Insulin Resistance

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Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

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Role of Rab3 in Peripheral Tissue Insulin Resistance

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