Product-service systems in large automotive OEMs: characterising the decision-making process when developing and introducing vehicle sharing/pooling schemes

Automotive OEM introduced Product-Service Systems in the past 20 years, challenging their traditional business model. A qualitative study was developed to characterise the decision-making process across 6 case studies, and similar patterns across different enabled the identification of lessons learned and possible future implications. All PSS initiatives were introduced following an Agile/Lean experimental approach, but the opportunistic nature of trials casts doubts in future validity. New testing methods that generate more robust conclusions need to be developed.