Prediction of ingestion through turbine rim seals-part II: Externally induced and combined ingress

Ingress of hot gas through the rim seals of gas turbines can be modeled theoretically using the so-called orifice equations. In Part I of this two-part paper, the orifice equations were derived for compressible and incompressible swirling flows, and the incompressible equations were solved for axisymmetric rotationally induced (RI) ingress. In Part II, the incompressible equations are solved for nonaxisymmetric externally induced (EI) ingress and for combined EI and RI ingress. The solutions show how the nondimensional ingress and egress flow rates vary with 0, the ratio of the flow rate of sealing air to the flow rate necessary to prevent ingress. For EI ingress, a "saw-tooth model" is used for the circumferential variation of pressure in the external annulus, and it is shown that , the sealing effectiveness, depends principally on 0; the theoretical variation of with 0 is similar to that found in Part I for RI ingress. For combined ingress, the solution of the orifice equations shows the transition from RI to EI ingress as the amplitude of the circumferential variation of pressure increases. The predicted values of for EI ingress are in good agreement with the available experimental data, but there are insufficient published data to validate the theory for combined ingress.