Porous Structure Enhances the Longitudinal Piezoelectric Coefficient and Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient of Lead-Free (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3

Zihe Li; James Roscow; Hamideh Khanbareh; Philip R. Davies; Guifang Han; Jingyu Qin; Geoff Haswell; Daniel Wolverson; Chris Bowen

doi:10.1002/advs.202406255

Porous Structure Enhances the Longitudinal Piezoelectric Coefficient and Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient of Lead-Free (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3

Zihe Li, James Roscow, Hamideh Khanbareh, Philip R. Davies, Guifang Han, Jingyu Qin, Geoff Haswell, Daniel Wolverson, Chris Bowen

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

The introduction of porosity into ferroelectric ceramics can decrease the effective permittivity, thereby enhancing the open circuit voltage and electrical energy generated by the direct piezoelectric effect. However, the decrease in the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d ₃₃) with increasing porosity levels currently limiting the range of pore fractions that can be employed. By introducing aligned lamellar pores into (Ba _0.85Ca _0.15)(Zr _0.1Ti _0.9)O ₃, this paper demonstrates an unusual 22–41% enhancement in the d ₃₃ compared to its dense counterpart. This unique combination of high d ₃₃ and a low permittivity leads to a significantly improved voltage coefficient (g ₃₃), energy harvesting figure of merit (FoM ₃₃) and electromechanical coupling coefficient ((Formula presented.)). The underlying mechanism for the improved properties is demonstrated to be a synergy between the low defect concentration and high internal polarizing field within the porous lamellar structure. This work provides insights into the design of porous ferroelectrics for applications related to sensors, energy harvesters, and actuators.

Original language	English
Article number	2406255
Journal	Advanced Science
Volume	11
Issue number	40
Early online date	29 Aug 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202406255
Publication status	Published - 28 Oct 2024

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the ﬁndings of this study are available from the cor-responding author upon reasonable request.

Funding

Li acknowledges support from the NERC GW4+ Doctoral Training Partnership [NE/S007504/1] and EMD Electro-Mechanical Developments Ltd. Bowen acknowledges support by the UKRI Frontier Research Guarantee on \u201CProcessing of Smart Porous Electro-Ceramic Transducers \u2013 ProSPECT\u201D, project No. EP/X023265/1. Roscow acknowledges support from the EPSRC (EP/V011332/1). The authors thank Diamond Light Source for access to beamline I15 (proposal number CY34299) and the assistance of Dr Annette Kleppe and Dr Egor Koemets. X-ray photoelectron (XPS) data were acquired at the EPSRC National Facility for XPS (\u201CHarwellXPS\u201D, EP/Y023587/1, EP/Y023609/1, EP/Y023536/1, EP/Y023552/1, and EP/Y023544/1). For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license [where permitted by UKRI, \u201COpen Government Licence\u201D or \u2018Creative Commons Attribution No-derivatives (CC-BY-ND) license may be stated instead] to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising. Li acknowledges support from the NERC GW4+ Doctoral Training Partnership [NE/S007504/1] and EMD Electro\u2010Mechanical Developments Ltd. Bowen acknowledges support by the UKRI Frontier Research Guarantee on \u201CProcessing of Smart Porous Electro\u2010Ceramic Transducers \u2013 ProSPECT\u201D, project No. EP/X023265/1. Roscow acknowledges support from the EPSRC (EP/V011332/1). The authors thank Diamond Light Source for access to beamline I15 (proposal number CY34299) and the assistance of Dr Annette Kleppe and Dr Egor Koemets. X\u2010ray photoelectron (XPS) data were acquired at the EPSRC National Facility for XPS (\u201CHarwellXPS\u201D, EP/Y023587/1, EP/Y023609/1, EP/Y023536/1, EP/Y023552/1, and EP/Y023544/1). For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a Creative Commons Attribution (CC\u2010BY) license [where permitted by UKRI, \u201COpen Government Licence\u201D or \u2018Creative Commons Attribution No\u2010derivatives (CC\u2010BY\u2010ND) license may be stated instead] to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising.

Funders	Funder number
EMD Electro-Mechanical Developments Ltd
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council	EP/Y023544/1, EP/Y023552/1, EP/Y023609/1, EP/Y023587/1, EP/V011332/1, EP/Y023536/1, CY34299
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
UK Research and Innovation	EP/X023265/1
UK Research and Innovation
Natural Environment Research Council	NE/S007504/1
Natural Environment Research Council

Keywords

defect engineering
electromechanical coupling coefficient
internal bias field
piezoelectric coefficient
porous ferroelectric ceramics
BCZT
d33
k33
Freeze-casting

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Medicine (miscellaneous)
General Chemical Engineering
General Materials Science
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (miscellaneous)
General Engineering
General Physics and Astronomy

Access to Document

10.1002/advs.202406255Licence: CC BY

Advanced Science - 2024 - Li - Porous Structure Enhances the Longitudinal Piezoelectric Coefficient and ElectromechanicalFinal published version, 11 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "Porous Structure Enhances the Longitudinal Piezoelectric Coefficient and Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient of Lead-Free (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3",

abstract = "The introduction of porosity into ferroelectric ceramics can decrease the effective permittivity, thereby enhancing the open circuit voltage and electrical energy generated by the direct piezoelectric effect. However, the decrease in the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d 33) with increasing porosity levels currently limiting the range of pore fractions that can be employed. By introducing aligned lamellar pores into (Ba 0.85Ca 0.15)(Zr 0.1Ti 0.9)O 3, this paper demonstrates an unusual 22–41% enhancement in the d 33 compared to its dense counterpart. This unique combination of high d 33 and a low permittivity leads to a significantly improved voltage coefficient (g 33), energy harvesting figure of merit (FoM 33) and electromechanical coupling coefficient ((Formula presented.)). The underlying mechanism for the improved properties is demonstrated to be a synergy between the low defect concentration and high internal polarizing field within the porous lamellar structure. This work provides insights into the design of porous ferroelectrics for applications related to sensors, energy harvesters, and actuators.",

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AU - Li, Zihe

AU - Roscow, James

AU - Khanbareh, Hamideh

AU - Davies, Philip R.

AU - Han, Guifang

AU - Qin, Jingyu

AU - Haswell, Geoff

AU - Wolverson, Daniel

AU - Bowen, Chris

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Y1 - 2024/10/28

N2 - The introduction of porosity into ferroelectric ceramics can decrease the effective permittivity, thereby enhancing the open circuit voltage and electrical energy generated by the direct piezoelectric effect. However, the decrease in the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d 33) with increasing porosity levels currently limiting the range of pore fractions that can be employed. By introducing aligned lamellar pores into (Ba 0.85Ca 0.15)(Zr 0.1Ti 0.9)O 3, this paper demonstrates an unusual 22–41% enhancement in the d 33 compared to its dense counterpart. This unique combination of high d 33 and a low permittivity leads to a significantly improved voltage coefficient (g 33), energy harvesting figure of merit (FoM 33) and electromechanical coupling coefficient ((Formula presented.)). The underlying mechanism for the improved properties is demonstrated to be a synergy between the low defect concentration and high internal polarizing field within the porous lamellar structure. This work provides insights into the design of porous ferroelectrics for applications related to sensors, energy harvesters, and actuators.

AB - The introduction of porosity into ferroelectric ceramics can decrease the effective permittivity, thereby enhancing the open circuit voltage and electrical energy generated by the direct piezoelectric effect. However, the decrease in the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d 33) with increasing porosity levels currently limiting the range of pore fractions that can be employed. By introducing aligned lamellar pores into (Ba 0.85Ca 0.15)(Zr 0.1Ti 0.9)O 3, this paper demonstrates an unusual 22–41% enhancement in the d 33 compared to its dense counterpart. This unique combination of high d 33 and a low permittivity leads to a significantly improved voltage coefficient (g 33), energy harvesting figure of merit (FoM 33) and electromechanical coupling coefficient ((Formula presented.)). The underlying mechanism for the improved properties is demonstrated to be a synergy between the low defect concentration and high internal polarizing field within the porous lamellar structure. This work provides insights into the design of porous ferroelectrics for applications related to sensors, energy harvesters, and actuators.

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Porous Structure Enhances the Longitudinal Piezoelectric Coefficient and Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient of Lead-Free (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3

Abstract

Data Availability Statement

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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New Investigator award - Microstructural engineering of piezoelectric composites

Cite this

Porous Structure Enhances the Longitudinal Piezoelectric Coefficient and Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient of Lead-Free (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3

Abstract

Data Availability Statement

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

New Investigator award - Microstructural engineering of piezoelectric composites

Cite this