Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of a Novel Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al Alloy Processed by Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition

Martin Klein; Ella Staufer; Duyao Zhang; Christian Edtmaier; Jelena Horky; Martin Schmitz-Niederau; Dong Qiu; Mark Easton; Thomas Klein

doi:10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of a Novel Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al Alloy Processed by Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition

Martin Klein, Ella Staufer, Duyao Zhang, Christian Edtmaier, Jelena Horky, Martin Schmitz-Niederau, Dong Qiu, Mark Easton, Thomas Klein

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. Ti–Cu alloys show potential but require additional elements to enhance performance. In this work, waDED-processed Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al is characterized. Addition of Cu to Ti achieves a columnar-to-equiaxed transition. The microstructure consists of fine Ti ₂Cu precipitates, β matrix, and α plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit’s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σ _Y of 1039 MPa but low ductility.

Original language	English
Journal	Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
Early online date	15 Apr 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 15 Apr 2025

Funding

This work was supported by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology (BMK) within the aeronautics funding program \u201CTake Off,\u201D project \u201ChighTi\u2014Novel high-strength titanium alloys for aeronautic applications\u201D administered by FFG [grant number 886889] and the Australian Research Council (Grant Number DE210101503, DP220101501].

Funders	Funder number
Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action
Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft	886889
Australian Research Council	DE210101503, DP220101501

Access to Document

10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9Licence: CC BY

Cite this

Klein, M., Staufer, E., Zhang, D., Edtmaier, C., Horky, J., Schmitz-Niederau, M., Qiu, D., Easton, M., & Klein, T. (2025). Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of a Novel Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al Alloy Processed by Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

@article{9ca5282adff748f090d399a42c48b5b1,

title = "Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of a Novel Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al Alloy Processed by Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition",

abstract = "Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. Ti–Cu alloys show potential but require additional elements to enhance performance. In this work, waDED-processed Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al is characterized. Addition of Cu to Ti achieves a columnar-to-equiaxed transition. The microstructure consists of fine Ti 2Cu precipitates, β matrix, and α plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit{\textquoteright}s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σ Y of 1039 MPa but low ductility.",

author = "Martin Klein and Ella Staufer and Duyao Zhang and Christian Edtmaier and Jelena Horky and Martin Schmitz-Niederau and Dong Qiu and Mark Easton and Thomas Klein",

year = "2025",

month = apr,

day = "15",

doi = "10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9",

language = "English",

journal = "Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A",

issn = "1073-5623",

publisher = "Springer Boston",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of a Novel Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al Alloy Processed by Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition

AU - Klein, Martin

AU - Staufer, Ella

AU - Zhang, Duyao

AU - Edtmaier, Christian

AU - Horky, Jelena

AU - Schmitz-Niederau, Martin

AU - Qiu, Dong

AU - Easton, Mark

AU - Klein, Thomas

PY - 2025/4/15

Y1 - 2025/4/15

N2 - Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. Ti–Cu alloys show potential but require additional elements to enhance performance. In this work, waDED-processed Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al is characterized. Addition of Cu to Ti achieves a columnar-to-equiaxed transition. The microstructure consists of fine Ti 2Cu precipitates, β matrix, and α plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit’s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σ Y of 1039 MPa but low ductility.

AB - Lacking Ti-alloy wires tailored for wire-arc directed energy deposition (waDED) restricts AM-component implementation. Ti–Cu alloys show potential but require additional elements to enhance performance. In this work, waDED-processed Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al is characterized. Addition of Cu to Ti achieves a columnar-to-equiaxed transition. The microstructure consists of fine Ti 2Cu precipitates, β matrix, and α plates, with varying morphologies along the deposit’s height due to differing thermal histories. The as-built sample exhibits a σ Y of 1039 MPa but low ductility.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105002613378&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

DO - 10.1007/s11661-025-07766-9

M3 - Article

SN - 1073-5623

JO - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A

JF - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A

ER -

Phase Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of a Novel Ti–6.3Cu–2.2Fe−2.1Al Alloy Processed by Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition

Abstract

Funding

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this