Abstract
Brain‐computer interface technology enables people to interact with computers using their brainwaves and has applications in assistive technologies for the physically impaired, rehabilitation after stroke and in non‐medical applications such as games and entertainment. Voluntarily modulation of sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) form the basis of non‐invasive (EEG‐based) motor imagery (MI) BCIs. Planning and execution of hand movement are known to block or desynchronize neuronal activity which is reflected in an EEG bandpower decrease in mu band (8‐12Hz). Inhibition of motor behaviour synchronizes neuronal activity [1]. During unilateral hand imagination, the preparatory phase is associated with a contralateral mu and central beta event related desynchronization (ERD) that is preponderant during the whole imagery process [2][5]. BCIs have primarily been tested on able‐bodied users however a range of studies with those suffering from locked in syndrome as a result of motor neuron disease or brainstem stroke [2][3] have been conducted along with spinal cord injury studies [4]. Performances of able‐bodied users vary significantly as does the performance difference between different users groups i.e., including able‐bodied and physically disabled. It is therefore important to account for any differences in performance when developing a BCI for a specific user group, using able‐bodied subjects during the R&D stage to gauge the appropriateness of methods and procedures. For example, physical injuries such as spinal cord injury or stroke can result in changes in the organization of the primary sensorimotor cortex and the function of the sensory and motor pathways [6][7][8][9]. Functional MRI (fMRI) studies have also identified significant derangements such as, a strongly reduced volume of activation, degraded modulation of sensorimotor function and abnormal activation patterns for different MI tasks [10]. It has been observed in the upper‐limb amputees using positron emission tomographic (PET) measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) that there is an increased activity in the partially deafferented primary sensorimotor areas when upper‐limb amputees move areas near the injury or have those areas stimulated [11][12]. Paced shoulder movements have been associated with significant blood flow increases in the contralateral M1/S1 cortex of amputees [11]. This phenomenon has not been observed using EEG signals so far.
Original language | English |
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Title of host publication | Unknown Host Publication |
Place of Publication | United Kingdom |
Publisher | Coventry University |
Publication status | Published - 28 Nov 2011 |