On the Scarcity of Dense Cores (n > 105 cm−3) in High-latitude Planck Galactic Cold Clumps

Fengwei Xu; Ke Wang; Tie Liu; David Eden; Xunchuan Liu; Mika Juvela; Jinhua He; Doug Johnstone; Paul Goldsmith; Guido Garay; Yuefang Wu; Archana Soam; Alessio Traficante; Isabelle Ristorcelli; Edith Falgarone; Huei-Ru Vivien Chen; Naomi Hirano; Yasuo Doi; Woojin Kwon; Glenn J. White; Anthony Whitworth; Patricio Sanhueza; Mark G. Rawlings; Dana Alina; Zhiyuan Ren; Chang Won Lee; Ken’ichi Tatematsu; Chuan-Peng Zhang; Jianjun Zhou; Shih-Ping Lai; Derek Ward-Thompson; Sheng-Yuan Liu; Qilao Gu; Eswaraiah Chakali; Lei Zhu; Diego Mardones; L. Viktor Tóth

doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad21e6

On the Scarcity of Dense Cores (n > 105 cm−3) in High-latitude Planck Galactic Cold Clumps

Fengwei Xu, Ke Wang, Tie Liu, David Eden, Xunchuan Liu, Mika Juvela, Jinhua He, Doug Johnstone, Paul Goldsmith, Guido Garay, Yuefang Wu, Archana Soam, Alessio Traficante, Isabelle Ristorcelli, Edith Falgarone, Huei-Ru Vivien Chen, Naomi Hirano, Yasuo Doi, Woojin Kwon, Glenn J. WhiteAnthony Whitworth, Patricio Sanhueza, Mark G. Rawlings, Dana Alina, Zhiyuan Ren, Chang Won Lee, Ken’ichi Tatematsu, Chuan-Peng Zhang, Jianjun Zhou, Shih-Ping Lai, Derek Ward-Thompson, Sheng-Yuan Liu, Qilao Gu, Eswaraiah Chakali, Lei Zhu, Diego Mardones, L. Viktor Tóth

Department of Physics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Citation (SciVal)

Abstract

High-latitude (∣b∣ > 30°) molecular clouds have virial parameters that exceed 1, but whether these clouds can form stars has not been studied systematically. Using JCMT SCUBA-2 archival data, we surveyed 70 fields that target high-latitude Planck Galactic cold clumps (HLPCs) to find dense cores with density of 105–106 cm−3 and size of <0.1 pc. The sample benefits from both the representativeness of the parent sample and its coverage of the densest clumps at the high column density end (>1 × 1021 cm−2). At an average rms of 15 mJy beam−1, we detected Galactic dense cores in only one field, G6.04+36.77 (L183) while also identifying 12 extragalactic objects and two young stellar objects. Compared to the low-latitude clumps, dense cores are scarce in HLPCs. With synthetic observations, the densities of cores are constrained to be nc ≲ 105 cm−3 should they exist in HLPCs. Low-latitude clumps, Taurus clumps, and HLPCs form a sequence where a higher virial parameter corresponds to a lower dense-core detection rate. If HLPCs were affected by the Local Bubble, the scarcity should favor turbulence-inhibited rather than supernova-driven star formation. Studies of the formation mechanism of the L183 molecular cloud are warranted.

Original language	English
Journal	The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Volume	963
Issue number	1
Early online date	21 Feb 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad21e6
Publication status	Published - 1 Mar 2024

Acknowledgements

This research used the facilities of the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre operated by the National Research Council of Canada with the support of the Canadian Space Agency. The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of The National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics; the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand; Center for Astronomical Mega-Science (as well as the National Key R&D Program of China with No. 2017YFA0402700). Additional funding support is provided by the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom and participating universities and organizations in the United Kingdom and Canada. Additional funds for the construction of SCUBA-2 were provided by the Canada Foundation for Innovation.

Software: Astropy, a community developed core Python package for astronomy (Astropy Collaboration et al. 2013, 2018, 2022). Montage, funded by the National Science Foundation under grant No. ACI-1440620, and previously funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Science Technology Office, Computation Technologies Project, under Cooperative Agreement Number NCC5-626 between NASA and the California Institute of Technology (Jacob et al. 2010; Berriman & Good 2017).

Funding

This work has been supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFA1603102, 2019YFA0405100), the National Science Foundation of China (12033005, 11973013), and the China Manned Space Project (CMS-CSST-2021-A09, CMS-CSST-2021-B06), and the China-Chile Joint Research Fund (CCJRF No. 2211). CCJRF is provided by Chinese Academy of Sciences South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA) and established by National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) and Chilean Astronomy Society (SOCHIAS) to support China-Chile collaborations in astronomy. T.L. acknowledges the support by the international partnership program of Chinese academy of sciences through grant No.114231KYSB20200009, and Shanghai Pujiang Program 20PJ1415500. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). This work is sponsored (in part) by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), through a grant to the CAS South America Center for Astronomy (CASSACA) in Santiago, Chile. D.J. is supported by NRC Canada and by an NSERC Discovery grant. G.G. acknowledges support from the ANID BASAL project FB210003. E.F. acknowledges support from the European Council, under the European Community's Seventh framework Programme, through the Advance grant MIST (FP7/2017-2024, No. 742719). P.S. was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI Number JP22H01271 and JP23H01221) of JSPS. C.W.L. is supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2019R1A2C1010851), and by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (Project No. 2023-1-84000). G.J.W. gratefully acknowledges receipt of an Emeritus Fellowship from The Leverhulme Trust. M.J. acknowledges support from the Research Council of Finland grant 348342. The work of M.G.R. is supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. N.H. acknowledges support from the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) of Taiwan with grant NSTC 111-2112-M-001-060. S.P.L. acknowledges the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan for grant 112-2112-M-007 -011.

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Cite this

Xu, F., Wang, K., Liu, T., Eden, D., Liu, X., Juvela, M., He, J., Johnstone, D., Goldsmith, P., Garay, G., Wu, Y., Soam, A., Traficante, A., Ristorcelli, I., Falgarone, E., Chen, H.-R. V., Hirano, N., Doi, Y., Kwon, W., ... Tóth, L. V. (2024). On the Scarcity of Dense Cores (n > 105 cm−3) in High-latitude Planck Galactic Cold Clumps. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 963(1). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad21e6

Xu, F, Wang, K, Liu, T, Eden, D, Liu, X, Juvela, M, He, J, Johnstone, D, Goldsmith, P, Garay, G, Wu, Y, Soam, A, Traficante, A, Ristorcelli, I, Falgarone, E, Chen, H-RV, Hirano, N, Doi, Y, Kwon, W, White, GJ, Whitworth, A, Sanhueza, P, Rawlings, MG, Alina, D, Ren, Z, Lee, CW, Tatematsu, K, Zhang, C-P, Zhou, J, Lai, S-P, Ward-Thompson, D, Liu, S-Y, Gu, Q, Chakali, E, Zhu, L, Mardones, D & Tóth, LV 2024, 'On the Scarcity of Dense Cores (n > 105 cm−3) in High-latitude Planck Galactic Cold Clumps', The Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 963, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad21e6

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AU - Wang, Ke

AU - Liu, Tie

AU - Eden, David

AU - Liu, Xunchuan

AU - Juvela, Mika

AU - He, Jinhua

AU - Johnstone, Doug

AU - Goldsmith, Paul

AU - Garay, Guido

AU - Wu, Yuefang

AU - Soam, Archana

AU - Traficante, Alessio

AU - Ristorcelli, Isabelle

AU - Falgarone, Edith

AU - Chen, Huei-Ru Vivien

AU - Hirano, Naomi

AU - Doi, Yasuo

AU - Kwon, Woojin

AU - White, Glenn J.

AU - Whitworth, Anthony

AU - Sanhueza, Patricio

AU - Rawlings, Mark G.

AU - Alina, Dana

AU - Ren, Zhiyuan

AU - Lee, Chang Won

AU - Tatematsu, Ken’ichi

AU - Zhang, Chuan-Peng

AU - Zhou, Jianjun

AU - Lai, Shih-Ping

AU - Ward-Thompson, Derek

AU - Liu, Sheng-Yuan

AU - Gu, Qilao

AU - Chakali, Eswaraiah

AU - Zhu, Lei

AU - Mardones, Diego

AU - Tóth, L. Viktor

PY - 2024/3/1

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N2 - High-latitude (∣b∣ > 30°) molecular clouds have virial parameters that exceed 1, but whether these clouds can form stars has not been studied systematically. Using JCMT SCUBA-2 archival data, we surveyed 70 fields that target high-latitude Planck Galactic cold clumps (HLPCs) to find dense cores with density of 105–106 cm−3 and size of <0.1 pc. The sample benefits from both the representativeness of the parent sample and its coverage of the densest clumps at the high column density end (>1 × 1021 cm−2). At an average rms of 15 mJy beam−1, we detected Galactic dense cores in only one field, G6.04+36.77 (L183) while also identifying 12 extragalactic objects and two young stellar objects. Compared to the low-latitude clumps, dense cores are scarce in HLPCs. With synthetic observations, the densities of cores are constrained to be nc ≲ 105 cm−3 should they exist in HLPCs. Low-latitude clumps, Taurus clumps, and HLPCs form a sequence where a higher virial parameter corresponds to a lower dense-core detection rate. If HLPCs were affected by the Local Bubble, the scarcity should favor turbulence-inhibited rather than supernova-driven star formation. Studies of the formation mechanism of the L183 molecular cloud are warranted.

AB - High-latitude (∣b∣ > 30°) molecular clouds have virial parameters that exceed 1, but whether these clouds can form stars has not been studied systematically. Using JCMT SCUBA-2 archival data, we surveyed 70 fields that target high-latitude Planck Galactic cold clumps (HLPCs) to find dense cores with density of 105–106 cm−3 and size of <0.1 pc. The sample benefits from both the representativeness of the parent sample and its coverage of the densest clumps at the high column density end (>1 × 1021 cm−2). At an average rms of 15 mJy beam−1, we detected Galactic dense cores in only one field, G6.04+36.77 (L183) while also identifying 12 extragalactic objects and two young stellar objects. Compared to the low-latitude clumps, dense cores are scarce in HLPCs. With synthetic observations, the densities of cores are constrained to be nc ≲ 105 cm−3 should they exist in HLPCs. Low-latitude clumps, Taurus clumps, and HLPCs form a sequence where a higher virial parameter corresponds to a lower dense-core detection rate. If HLPCs were affected by the Local Bubble, the scarcity should favor turbulence-inhibited rather than supernova-driven star formation. Studies of the formation mechanism of the L183 molecular cloud are warranted.

U2 - 10.3847/2041-8213/ad21e6

DO - 10.3847/2041-8213/ad21e6

M3 - Article

SN - 2041-8205

VL - 963

JO - The Astrophysical Journal Letters

JF - The Astrophysical Journal Letters

IS - 1

ER -

On the Scarcity of Dense Cores (n > 105 cm−3) in High-latitude Planck Galactic Cold Clumps

Abstract

Acknowledgements

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