Novel use of a selectable fusion gene as an 'in-out' marker for studying genetic loss in mammalian cells

Recent demonstrations of loss of heterozygosity in a wide variety of human cancers suggest that large multilocus genetic deletions (presumably including tumor suppressor genes) constitute a major class of genetic alteration in human carcinogenesis. Here we show that a bifunctional fusion gene (Hytk), suitable for both positive and negative selection, is an effective marker for studying genetic loss in mammalian cells with minimal interference from point-mutational changes. Studies with a transgenic V79 cell line in which a single functional copy of Hytk was stably inserted into the genome in a retroviral vector showed that loss of the marker (and presumably flanking cellular genetic material) could be induced efficiently by ionizing radiation (γ-rays and fast neutrons) but only weakly by the powerful point-mutagen benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide. In a first application of the system, we provide evidence that radiation-induced loss can occur through an indirect mechanism after a high-frequency event. Collectively, our results suggest that the Hytk marker should be a valuable tool for studying genome position effects on the tolerance of genetic loss in cultured human cells that represent different stages in clonal evolution and tumor progression.