Nanoporous Materials for Hydrogen Storage in Aviation

Decarbonising aviation is a pivotal challenge in achieving a fossil-free economy. While liquid hydrogen (LH₂) is a promising candidate for long-haul flights, its cryogenic storage requirements present significant technical and operational barriers. Nanoporous carbons offer an innovative approach to enhance hydrogen storage efficiency by achieving high volumetric densities through physisorption. This mechanism can potentially reduce fuel losses, improve system integration, and overcome some of the constraints associated with conventional LH₂ storage. However, the certification of novel storage technologies remains a major bottleneck, necessitating comprehensive material characterisation, predictive modelling, and regulatory engagement. A coordinated approach across research, industry, and policy is imperative to accelerate and enable hydrogen-powered aviation to contribute meaningfully to global net-zero targets.

Our research investigates the potential of high-surface-area activated carbons, specifically MSC-30, and their hydrogen storage capabilities. High-pressure adsorption models, validated by experimental studies, demonstrate that these materials can achieve hydrogen densities exceeding 100 kg/m³ at moderate pressures, thus competing with or exceeding the performance of conventional LH2 or compressed gas systems. We also explore the use of PIM-1, a nanoporous polymer, as a structural binder in sorbent composites, facilitating the fabrication of monoliths, beads, and films with optimised mechanical integrity and processing flexibility. Beyond material performance, we assess the broader integration of nanoporous carbon materials in aircraft fuel storage, considering key factors such as adsorption-desorption kinetics, thermal stability, and safety. This research lays the foundation for the safe and efficient deployment of hydrogen storage technologies in aviation, supporting the transition to sustainable, hydrogen-powered flight.