Multiscale image-based modelling of composite materials

By control of their constituents, interfaces and architectures, composite materials can display a much broader suite of beneficial material properties than is possible for single-phase materials. Furthermore, advanced manufacturing techniques are increasing the freedom to operate of composite designers. While much can be achieved with idealised models of composites, models are needed that more accurately reflect the non-ideal placement of reinforcement, matrix-free regions and manufacturing defects that occur in practice. At the same time, imaging techniques, and X-ray computed tomography in particular, have radically increased the level of information that can be obtained in three dimensions and over time about real composite microstructures, both about the as-manufactured condition and their behaviour in-service. This review considers all aspects of image-based modelling of composite materials across the length scales. It also discusses establishing the appropriate constitutive equations for deterministic and stochastic (e.g., fibre fractures) elements of behaviour, as well as methods for validation. A range of actual and potential applications from the literature are showcased throughout. It explores approaches to bridging the scales and techniques, such as surrogate and homogenised models, to ensure models are computationally feasible. It covers a wide range of composites, spanning polymer, metal and ceramic matrices, continuous and short fibres, as well as particulate reinforcements. It also briefly extends to how such approaches can be applied to other ‘composite’ systems, such as concrete and hard metals. Overall, this is a one-stop review for those considering multiscale modelling of composites based on realistic, often multiscale, composite architectures.