TY - JOUR
T1 - Multibeam Echosounder with Orthogonal Waveforms
T2 - Feasibility and Potential Benefits
AU - Blachet, Antoine
AU - Austeng, Andreas
AU - Aparicio, Joaquin
AU - Hunter, Alan J.
AU - Hansen, Roy Edgar
N1 - Funding Information:
Manuscript received March 2, 2020; revised November 6, 2020 and December 16, 2020; accepted December 31, 2020. Date of publication April 15, 2021; date of current version July 14, 2021. This work was supported in part by the Center for Innovative Ultrasound Solutions and in part by the Research Council of Norway under Grant 237887. (Corresponding author: Antoine Blachet.) Associate Editor: M. Hayes.
Publisher Copyright:
© 1976-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2021/7
Y1 - 2021/7
N2 - Modern multibeam echosounders (MBE) employ frequency-division techniques (FDT) to ensonify multiple sectors within the same ping cycle. This leads to improved performance in coverage rate, and yaw and pitch stabilization. However, it introduces a bias among sectors because MBES systems are frequency dependent. It also reduces the maximum pulse bandwidth compared to a single-sector sonar. In this study, we consider the code-division technique (CDT) as a solution to this problem. A set of orthogonal coded pulses are received within the same frequency band, and each sector is separated with a matched filter. We assess the feasibility of the technique through two stages. 1) First, we formulate an analytical model describing the power and crosstalk budgets of any multisector MBES. The model can then be used to design transmission sequences fitting these budgets. 2) Then, we display the practical usage of the technique for MBES imaging and mapping through simulated case studies. For the same total time-bandwidth budget, we compare the performance of FDT, CDT, and multicarrier CDT (MC-CDT), a hybrid method employing CDT and FDT, which is robust to strong dynamic backscatter. This study considers only bottom detection based on signal amplitude. Our results show that it is possible to share a larger frequency bandwidth between multiple sectors while maintaining an acceptable bottom detection performance similar to FDT. Our choice of time-bandwidth product with CDT offers a crosstalk suppression of -25 dB between sectors, but may display low-magnitude residual artefacts in the water-column data. MC-CDT provides a significant gain of pulse bandwidth while it offers interband separation performance comparable to FDT and reduces significantly the water-column artefacts.
AB - Modern multibeam echosounders (MBE) employ frequency-division techniques (FDT) to ensonify multiple sectors within the same ping cycle. This leads to improved performance in coverage rate, and yaw and pitch stabilization. However, it introduces a bias among sectors because MBES systems are frequency dependent. It also reduces the maximum pulse bandwidth compared to a single-sector sonar. In this study, we consider the code-division technique (CDT) as a solution to this problem. A set of orthogonal coded pulses are received within the same frequency band, and each sector is separated with a matched filter. We assess the feasibility of the technique through two stages. 1) First, we formulate an analytical model describing the power and crosstalk budgets of any multisector MBES. The model can then be used to design transmission sequences fitting these budgets. 2) Then, we display the practical usage of the technique for MBES imaging and mapping through simulated case studies. For the same total time-bandwidth budget, we compare the performance of FDT, CDT, and multicarrier CDT (MC-CDT), a hybrid method employing CDT and FDT, which is robust to strong dynamic backscatter. This study considers only bottom detection based on signal amplitude. Our results show that it is possible to share a larger frequency bandwidth between multiple sectors while maintaining an acceptable bottom detection performance similar to FDT. Our choice of time-bandwidth product with CDT offers a crosstalk suppression of -25 dB between sectors, but may display low-magnitude residual artefacts in the water-column data. MC-CDT provides a significant gain of pulse bandwidth while it offers interband separation performance comparable to FDT and reduces significantly the water-column artefacts.
KW - Modulated signals
KW - multibeam echosounder (MBES)
KW - orthogonal waveforms
KW - seafloor bathymetry
KW - sonar signal processing
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85104622965&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/JOE.2021.3052568
DO - 10.1109/JOE.2021.3052568
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85104622965
SN - 0364-9059
VL - 46
SP - 963
EP - 978
JO - IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
JF - IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
IS - 3
M1 - 9405307
ER -