TY - JOUR
T1 - Measuring biomarkers in wastewater as a new source of epidemiological information
T2 - Current state and future perspectives
AU - Gracia-Lor, Emma
AU - Castiglioni, Sara
AU - Bade, Richard
AU - Been, Frederic
AU - Castrignanò, Erika
AU - Covaci, Adrian
AU - González-Mariño, Iria
AU - Hapeshi, Evroula
AU - Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara
AU - Kinyua, Juliet
AU - Lai, Foon Yin
AU - Letzel, Thomas
AU - Lopardo, Luigi
AU - Meyer, Markus R.
AU - O'Brien, Jake
AU - Ramin, Pedram
AU - Rousis, Nikolaos I.
AU - Rydevik, Axel
AU - Ryu, Yeonsuk
AU - Santos, Miguel M.
AU - Senta, Ivan
AU - Thomaidis, Nikolaos S.
AU - Veloutsou, Sofia
AU - Yang, Zhugen
AU - Zuccato, Ettore
AU - Bijlsma, Lubertus
PY - 2017/2/1
Y1 - 2017/2/1
N2 - The information obtained from the chemical analysis of specific human excretion products (biomarkers) in urban wastewater can be used to estimate the exposure or consumption of the population under investigation to a defined substance. A proper biomarker can provide relevant information about lifestyle habits, health and wellbeing, but its selection is not an easy task as it should fulfil several specific requirements in order to be successfully employed. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge related to the most relevant biomarkers used so far. In addition, some potential wastewater biomarkers that could be used for future applications were evaluated. For this purpose, representative chemical classes have been chosen and grouped in four main categories: (i) those that provide estimates of lifestyle factors and substance use, (ii) those used to estimate the exposure to toxicants present in the environment and food, (iii) those that have the potential to provide information about public health and illness and (iv) those used to estimate the population size. To facilitate the evaluation of the eligibility of a compound as a biomarker, information, when available, on stability in urine and wastewater and pharmacokinetic data (i.e. metabolism and urinary excretion profile) has been reviewed. Finally, several needs and recommendations for future research are proposed.
AB - The information obtained from the chemical analysis of specific human excretion products (biomarkers) in urban wastewater can be used to estimate the exposure or consumption of the population under investigation to a defined substance. A proper biomarker can provide relevant information about lifestyle habits, health and wellbeing, but its selection is not an easy task as it should fulfil several specific requirements in order to be successfully employed. This paper aims to summarize the current knowledge related to the most relevant biomarkers used so far. In addition, some potential wastewater biomarkers that could be used for future applications were evaluated. For this purpose, representative chemical classes have been chosen and grouped in four main categories: (i) those that provide estimates of lifestyle factors and substance use, (ii) those used to estimate the exposure to toxicants present in the environment and food, (iii) those that have the potential to provide information about public health and illness and (iv) those used to estimate the population size. To facilitate the evaluation of the eligibility of a compound as a biomarker, information, when available, on stability in urine and wastewater and pharmacokinetic data (i.e. metabolism and urinary excretion profile) has been reviewed. Finally, several needs and recommendations for future research are proposed.
KW - Biomarker
KW - Consumption
KW - Epidemiology
KW - Exposure
KW - Population
KW - Wastewater
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85009268777&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.016
U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.016
DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2016.12.016
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85009268777
SN - 0160-4120
VL - 99
SP - 131
EP - 150
JO - Environment International
JF - Environment International
ER -
