Manufacturing spiral wound element of thin film composite membrane: contemporary methods and sustainable manufacturing approaches

Spiral wound membrane elements made from flat sheet polyamide thin film composite (TFC) membranes have been successfully used in industrial water and wastewater treatment processes for several decades. This membrane configuration, offering high packing density and a small footprint, is the standard design for nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes. Despite its industrial advantages, the manufacturing of spiral wound membrane elements relies heavily on materials derived from crude oil. This review summarizes recent progress in developing sustainable spiral wound TFC membrane elements using various approaches, including green solvents, polymers/monomers sourced from renewable or recycled materials, and fabrication techniques that eliminate hazardous solvents. While promising results have emerged from relevant laboratory studies, there is a notable absence of case studies, patents, or publications from prominent membrane manufacturers on this topic. Recognizing the significance of sustainable manufacturing in mitigating environmental impacts and optimizing resource efficiency, we foresee continued and focused efforts on this subject in the near future.