Long Tsunami Oscillations Following the 30 October 2020 Mw 7.0 Aegean Sea Earthquake: Observations and Modelling

Mohammad Heidarzadeh; Ignatius Ryan Pranantyo; Ryo Okuwaki; Gozde Guney Dogan; Ahmet C. Yalciner

doi:10.1007/s00024-021-02761-8

Long Tsunami Oscillations Following the 30 October 2020 M_w 7.0 Aegean Sea Earthquake: Observations and Modelling

Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Ignatius Ryan Pranantyo, Ryo Okuwaki, Gozde Guney Dogan, Ahmet C. Yalciner

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

21 Citations (SciVal)

Abstract

Eastern Mediterranean Sea has experienced four tsunamigenic earthquakes since 2017, which delivered moderate damage to coastal communities in Turkey and Greece. The most recent of these tsunamis occurred on 30 October 2020 in the Aegean Sea, which was generated by an M_w 7.0 normal-faulting earthquake, offshore Izmir province (Turkey) and Samos Island (Greece). The earthquake was destructive and caused death tolls of 117 and 2 in Turkey and Greece, respectively. The tsunami produced moderate damage and killed one person in Turkey. Due to the semi-enclosed nature of the Aegean Sea basin, any tsunami perturbation in this sea is expected to trigger several basin oscillations. Here, we study the 2020 tsunami through sea level data analysis and numerical simulations with the aim of further understanding tsunami behavior in the Aegean Sea. Analysis of data from available tide gauges showed that the maximum zero-to-crest tsunami amplitude was 5.1–11.9 cm. The arrival times of the maximum tsunami wave were up to 14.9 h after the first tsunami arrivals at each station. The duration of tsunami oscillation was from 19.6 h to > 90 h at various tide gauges. Spectral analysis revealed several peak periods for the tsunami; we identified the tsunami source periods as 14.2–23.3 min. We attributed other peak periods (4.5 min, 5.7 min, 6.9 min, 7.8 min, 9.9 min, 10.2 min and 32.0 min) to non-source phenomena such as basin and sub-basin oscillations. By comparing surveyed run-up and coastal heights with simulated ones, we noticed the north-dipping fault model better reproduces the tsunami observations as compared to the south-dipping fault model. However, we are unable to choose a fault model because the surveyed run-up data are very limited and are sparsely distributed. Additional researches on this event using other types of geophysical data are required to determine the actual fault plane of the earthquake.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1531-1548
Number of pages	18
Journal	Pure and Applied Geophysics
Volume	178
Issue number	5
Early online date	25 May 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02761-8
Publication status	Published - 25 May 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We used the GMT software for drafting some of the figures (Wessel and Smith, ). Software ObsPy (Beyreuther et al., ), Pyrocko (Heimann et al., ), and matplotlib (Hunter, ) were used to generate some of the figures. The facilities of IRIS Data Services, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE) Award of the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR‐1851048. Earthquake source models used in this study are archived at Github repository (Okuwaki, ). We are sincerely grateful to Prof Alexander Rabinovich (the Editor-in-Chief) for commenting on the manuscript before submission. This research is funded by the Royal Society (the United Kingdom) grant number CHL\R1\180173. The authors GGD and ACY acknowledge Yuksel Proje International Co. for significant and invaluable support for the researches related to the 30 October 2020 tsunami and similar events.

Funding Information:
We used the GMT software for drafting some of the figures (Wessel and Smith, 1998). Software ObsPy (Beyreuther et al., 2010), Pyrocko (Heimann et al., 2017), and matplotlib (Hunter, 2007) were used to generate some of the figures. The facilities of IRIS Data Services, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE) Award of the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR?1851048. Earthquake source models used in this study are archived at Github repository (Okuwaki, 2020). We are sincerely grateful to Prof Alexander Rabinovich (the Editor-in-Chief) for commenting on the manuscript before submission. This research is funded by the Royal Society (the United Kingdom) grant number CHL\R1\180173. The authors GGD and ACY acknowledge Yuksel Proje International Co. for significant and invaluable support for the researches related to the 30 October 2020 tsunami and similar events.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).

Funding

We used the GMT software for drafting some of the figures (Wessel and Smith, ). Software ObsPy (Beyreuther et al., ), Pyrocko (Heimann et al., ), and matplotlib (Hunter, ) were used to generate some of the figures. The facilities of IRIS Data Services, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE) Award of the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR‐1851048. Earthquake source models used in this study are archived at Github repository (Okuwaki, ). We are sincerely grateful to Prof Alexander Rabinovich (the Editor-in-Chief) for commenting on the manuscript before submission. This research is funded by the Royal Society (the United Kingdom) grant number CHL\R1\180173. The authors GGD and ACY acknowledge Yuksel Proje International Co. for significant and invaluable support for the researches related to the 30 October 2020 tsunami and similar events. We used the GMT software for drafting some of the figures (Wessel and Smith, 1998). Software ObsPy (Beyreuther et al., 2010), Pyrocko (Heimann et al., 2017), and matplotlib (Hunter, 2007) were used to generate some of the figures. The facilities of IRIS Data Services, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE) Award of the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR?1851048. Earthquake source models used in this study are archived at Github repository (Okuwaki, 2020). We are sincerely grateful to Prof Alexander Rabinovich (the Editor-in-Chief) for commenting on the manuscript before submission. This research is funded by the Royal Society (the United Kingdom) grant number CHL\R1\180173. The authors GGD and ACY acknowledge Yuksel Proje International Co. for significant and invaluable support for the researches related to the 30 October 2020 tsunami and similar events.

Keywords

Aegean Sea
earthquake
Greece
Izmir
numerical simulations
Samos
spectral analysis
Tsunami
Turkey

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Geophysics
Geochemistry and Petrology

Access to Document

10.1007/s00024-021-02761-8Licence: CC BY

Cite this

@article{00872423196b413291f8300fa0b0b101,

title = "Long Tsunami Oscillations Following the 30 October 2020 Mw 7.0 Aegean Sea Earthquake: Observations and Modelling",

abstract = "Eastern Mediterranean Sea has experienced four tsunamigenic earthquakes since 2017, which delivered moderate damage to coastal communities in Turkey and Greece. The most recent of these tsunamis occurred on 30 October 2020 in the Aegean Sea, which was generated by an Mw 7.0 normal-faulting earthquake, offshore Izmir province (Turkey) and Samos Island (Greece). The earthquake was destructive and caused death tolls of 117 and 2 in Turkey and Greece, respectively. The tsunami produced moderate damage and killed one person in Turkey. Due to the semi-enclosed nature of the Aegean Sea basin, any tsunami perturbation in this sea is expected to trigger several basin oscillations. Here, we study the 2020 tsunami through sea level data analysis and numerical simulations with the aim of further understanding tsunami behavior in the Aegean Sea. Analysis of data from available tide gauges showed that the maximum zero-to-crest tsunami amplitude was 5.1–11.9 cm. The arrival times of the maximum tsunami wave were up to 14.9 h after the first tsunami arrivals at each station. The duration of tsunami oscillation was from 19.6 h to > 90 h at various tide gauges. Spectral analysis revealed several peak periods for the tsunami; we identified the tsunami source periods as 14.2–23.3 min. We attributed other peak periods (4.5 min, 5.7 min, 6.9 min, 7.8 min, 9.9 min, 10.2 min and 32.0 min) to non-source phenomena such as basin and sub-basin oscillations. By comparing surveyed run-up and coastal heights with simulated ones, we noticed the north-dipping fault model better reproduces the tsunami observations as compared to the south-dipping fault model. However, we are unable to choose a fault model because the surveyed run-up data are very limited and are sparsely distributed. Additional researches on this event using other types of geophysical data are required to determine the actual fault plane of the earthquake.",

keywords = "Aegean Sea, earthquake, Greece, Izmir, numerical simulations, Samos, spectral analysis, Tsunami, Turkey",

author = "Mohammad Heidarzadeh and Pranantyo, {Ignatius Ryan} and Ryo Okuwaki and Dogan, {Gozde Guney} and Yalciner, {Ahmet C.}",

note = "Funding Information: We used the GMT software for drafting some of the figures (Wessel and Smith, ). Software ObsPy (Beyreuther et al., ), Pyrocko (Heimann et al., ), and matplotlib (Hunter, ) were used to generate some of the figures. The facilities of IRIS Data Services, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE) Award of the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR‐1851048. Earthquake source models used in this study are archived at Github repository (Okuwaki, ). We are sincerely grateful to Prof Alexander Rabinovich (the Editor-in-Chief) for commenting on the manuscript before submission. This research is funded by the Royal Society (the United Kingdom) grant number CHL\R1\180173. The authors GGD and ACY acknowledge Yuksel Proje International Co. for significant and invaluable support for the researches related to the 30 October 2020 tsunami and similar events. Funding Information: We used the GMT software for drafting some of the figures (Wessel and Smith, 1998). Software ObsPy (Beyreuther et al., 2010), Pyrocko (Heimann et al., 2017), and matplotlib (Hunter, 2007) were used to generate some of the figures. The facilities of IRIS Data Services, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE) Award of the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR?1851048. Earthquake source models used in this study are archived at Github repository (Okuwaki, 2020). We are sincerely grateful to Prof Alexander Rabinovich (the Editor-in-Chief) for commenting on the manuscript before submission. This research is funded by the Royal Society (the United Kingdom) grant number CHL\R1\180173. The authors GGD and ACY acknowledge Yuksel Proje International Co. for significant and invaluable support for the researches related to the 30 October 2020 tsunami and similar events. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021, The Author(s).",

year = "2021",

month = may,

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doi = "10.1007/s00024-021-02761-8",

language = "English",

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T1 - Long Tsunami Oscillations Following the 30 October 2020 Mw 7.0 Aegean Sea Earthquake

T2 - Observations and Modelling

AU - Heidarzadeh, Mohammad

AU - Pranantyo, Ignatius Ryan

AU - Okuwaki, Ryo

AU - Dogan, Gozde Guney

AU - Yalciner, Ahmet C.

N1 - Funding Information: We used the GMT software for drafting some of the figures (Wessel and Smith, ). Software ObsPy (Beyreuther et al., ), Pyrocko (Heimann et al., ), and matplotlib (Hunter, ) were used to generate some of the figures. The facilities of IRIS Data Services, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE) Award of the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR‐1851048. Earthquake source models used in this study are archived at Github repository (Okuwaki, ). We are sincerely grateful to Prof Alexander Rabinovich (the Editor-in-Chief) for commenting on the manuscript before submission. This research is funded by the Royal Society (the United Kingdom) grant number CHL\R1\180173. The authors GGD and ACY acknowledge Yuksel Proje International Co. for significant and invaluable support for the researches related to the 30 October 2020 tsunami and similar events. Funding Information: We used the GMT software for drafting some of the figures (Wessel and Smith, 1998). Software ObsPy (Beyreuther et al., 2010), Pyrocko (Heimann et al., 2017), and matplotlib (Hunter, 2007) were used to generate some of the figures. The facilities of IRIS Data Services, and specifically the IRIS Data Management Center, were used for access to waveforms, related metadata, and/or derived products used in this study. IRIS Data Services are funded through the Seismological Facilities for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE) Award of the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Support Agreement EAR?1851048. Earthquake source models used in this study are archived at Github repository (Okuwaki, 2020). We are sincerely grateful to Prof Alexander Rabinovich (the Editor-in-Chief) for commenting on the manuscript before submission. This research is funded by the Royal Society (the United Kingdom) grant number CHL\R1\180173. The authors GGD and ACY acknowledge Yuksel Proje International Co. for significant and invaluable support for the researches related to the 30 October 2020 tsunami and similar events. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).

PY - 2021/5/25

Y1 - 2021/5/25

N2 - Eastern Mediterranean Sea has experienced four tsunamigenic earthquakes since 2017, which delivered moderate damage to coastal communities in Turkey and Greece. The most recent of these tsunamis occurred on 30 October 2020 in the Aegean Sea, which was generated by an Mw 7.0 normal-faulting earthquake, offshore Izmir province (Turkey) and Samos Island (Greece). The earthquake was destructive and caused death tolls of 117 and 2 in Turkey and Greece, respectively. The tsunami produced moderate damage and killed one person in Turkey. Due to the semi-enclosed nature of the Aegean Sea basin, any tsunami perturbation in this sea is expected to trigger several basin oscillations. Here, we study the 2020 tsunami through sea level data analysis and numerical simulations with the aim of further understanding tsunami behavior in the Aegean Sea. Analysis of data from available tide gauges showed that the maximum zero-to-crest tsunami amplitude was 5.1–11.9 cm. The arrival times of the maximum tsunami wave were up to 14.9 h after the first tsunami arrivals at each station. The duration of tsunami oscillation was from 19.6 h to > 90 h at various tide gauges. Spectral analysis revealed several peak periods for the tsunami; we identified the tsunami source periods as 14.2–23.3 min. We attributed other peak periods (4.5 min, 5.7 min, 6.9 min, 7.8 min, 9.9 min, 10.2 min and 32.0 min) to non-source phenomena such as basin and sub-basin oscillations. By comparing surveyed run-up and coastal heights with simulated ones, we noticed the north-dipping fault model better reproduces the tsunami observations as compared to the south-dipping fault model. However, we are unable to choose a fault model because the surveyed run-up data are very limited and are sparsely distributed. Additional researches on this event using other types of geophysical data are required to determine the actual fault plane of the earthquake.

AB - Eastern Mediterranean Sea has experienced four tsunamigenic earthquakes since 2017, which delivered moderate damage to coastal communities in Turkey and Greece. The most recent of these tsunamis occurred on 30 October 2020 in the Aegean Sea, which was generated by an Mw 7.0 normal-faulting earthquake, offshore Izmir province (Turkey) and Samos Island (Greece). The earthquake was destructive and caused death tolls of 117 and 2 in Turkey and Greece, respectively. The tsunami produced moderate damage and killed one person in Turkey. Due to the semi-enclosed nature of the Aegean Sea basin, any tsunami perturbation in this sea is expected to trigger several basin oscillations. Here, we study the 2020 tsunami through sea level data analysis and numerical simulations with the aim of further understanding tsunami behavior in the Aegean Sea. Analysis of data from available tide gauges showed that the maximum zero-to-crest tsunami amplitude was 5.1–11.9 cm. The arrival times of the maximum tsunami wave were up to 14.9 h after the first tsunami arrivals at each station. The duration of tsunami oscillation was from 19.6 h to > 90 h at various tide gauges. Spectral analysis revealed several peak periods for the tsunami; we identified the tsunami source periods as 14.2–23.3 min. We attributed other peak periods (4.5 min, 5.7 min, 6.9 min, 7.8 min, 9.9 min, 10.2 min and 32.0 min) to non-source phenomena such as basin and sub-basin oscillations. By comparing surveyed run-up and coastal heights with simulated ones, we noticed the north-dipping fault model better reproduces the tsunami observations as compared to the south-dipping fault model. However, we are unable to choose a fault model because the surveyed run-up data are very limited and are sparsely distributed. Additional researches on this event using other types of geophysical data are required to determine the actual fault plane of the earthquake.

KW - Aegean Sea

KW - earthquake

KW - Greece

KW - Izmir

KW - numerical simulations

KW - Samos

KW - spectral analysis

KW - Tsunami

KW - Turkey

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