Abstract
Existing measures of tobacco affordability (smokers' purchasing power for tobacco) use national estimates of income and average cigarette prices, and exclude roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. This study developed an individualised measure of tobacco affordability using smokers' own incomesand factory-made (FM) or RYO tobacco purchase prices, and explored how it was impacted by taxation changes, individual characteristics and purchase patterns.
Design
Cross-sectional survey data collated from 10 waves of a longitudinal cohort study.
Data Sources
Adult smokers (N=4062) from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project United Kingdom (UK), surveyed between 2002 and 2014, providing 8943 observations over 10 surveys.
Analysis
Affordability was calculated as the percentage of annual income remaining after annual tobacco expenditure. Multilevel linear regression models were used with affordability as outcome and time, sex, age, geographical region, ethnicity, education, nicotine dependence, and tobacco purchase source as predictor variables.
Results
Affordability of FM cigarettes decreased significantly from 91.5% (±95%CI:91.0, 91.9) in 2002 to 87.8% (87.0,88.5) in 2014; and RYO from 96.3% (95.7,96.9) in 2006 to 93.7% (93.0,94.4) in 2014. Affordability was significantly lower for FM than RYO. Year-to-year decreases, were not statistically significant. Tobacco was more affordable for males, those with higher education, less dependent
smokers, and those purchasing from non-store (potentially illicit) or non-UK sources.
Conclusions
An individualised measure of tobacco affordability provided useful insights into the impact of tobacco taxes, social inequalities and purchase patterns in the UK. Although tobacco became less affordable, the annual rate of decline was low, suggesting annual tax rises were not large enough.
| Language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 054027 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | Tobacco Control |
| Early online date | 23 Jul 2018 |
| DOIs | |
| Status | E-pub ahead of print - 23 Jul 2018 |
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Keywords
- Taxation
- Price
- Tobacco
- Hand-rolled/RYO tobacco
- Economics
- Disparities
Cite this
Individualised tobacco affordability in the UK 2002 - 2014 : Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project. / Partos, Timea R.; Branston, J. Robert; Hiscock, Rosemary; Gilmore, Anna; McNeill, Ann.
In: Tobacco Control, 23.07.2018.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Individualised tobacco affordability in the UK 2002 - 2014
T2 - Tobacco Control
AU - Partos, Timea R.
AU - Branston, J. Robert
AU - Hiscock, Rosemary
AU - Gilmore, Anna
AU - McNeill, Ann
PY - 2018/7/23
Y1 - 2018/7/23
N2 - ObjectiveExisting measures of tobacco affordability (smokers' purchasing power for tobacco) use national estimates of income and average cigarette prices, and exclude roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. This study developed an individualised measure of tobacco affordability using smokers' own incomesand factory-made (FM) or RYO tobacco purchase prices, and explored how it was impacted by taxation changes, individual characteristics and purchase patterns.DesignCross-sectional survey data collated from 10 waves of a longitudinal cohort study.Data SourcesAdult smokers (N=4062) from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project United Kingdom (UK), surveyed between 2002 and 2014, providing 8943 observations over 10 surveys.AnalysisAffordability was calculated as the percentage of annual income remaining after annual tobacco expenditure. Multilevel linear regression models were used with affordability as outcome and time, sex, age, geographical region, ethnicity, education, nicotine dependence, and tobacco purchase source as predictor variables. ResultsAffordability of FM cigarettes decreased significantly from 91.5% (±95%CI:91.0, 91.9) in 2002 to 87.8% (87.0,88.5) in 2014; and RYO from 96.3% (95.7,96.9) in 2006 to 93.7% (93.0,94.4) in 2014. Affordability was significantly lower for FM than RYO. Year-to-year decreases, were not statistically significant. Tobacco was more affordable for males, those with higher education, less dependentsmokers, and those purchasing from non-store (potentially illicit) or non-UK sources.ConclusionsAn individualised measure of tobacco affordability provided useful insights into the impact of tobacco taxes, social inequalities and purchase patterns in the UK. Although tobacco became less affordable, the annual rate of decline was low, suggesting annual tax rises were not large enough.
AB - ObjectiveExisting measures of tobacco affordability (smokers' purchasing power for tobacco) use national estimates of income and average cigarette prices, and exclude roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. This study developed an individualised measure of tobacco affordability using smokers' own incomesand factory-made (FM) or RYO tobacco purchase prices, and explored how it was impacted by taxation changes, individual characteristics and purchase patterns.DesignCross-sectional survey data collated from 10 waves of a longitudinal cohort study.Data SourcesAdult smokers (N=4062) from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project United Kingdom (UK), surveyed between 2002 and 2014, providing 8943 observations over 10 surveys.AnalysisAffordability was calculated as the percentage of annual income remaining after annual tobacco expenditure. Multilevel linear regression models were used with affordability as outcome and time, sex, age, geographical region, ethnicity, education, nicotine dependence, and tobacco purchase source as predictor variables. ResultsAffordability of FM cigarettes decreased significantly from 91.5% (±95%CI:91.0, 91.9) in 2002 to 87.8% (87.0,88.5) in 2014; and RYO from 96.3% (95.7,96.9) in 2006 to 93.7% (93.0,94.4) in 2014. Affordability was significantly lower for FM than RYO. Year-to-year decreases, were not statistically significant. Tobacco was more affordable for males, those with higher education, less dependentsmokers, and those purchasing from non-store (potentially illicit) or non-UK sources.ConclusionsAn individualised measure of tobacco affordability provided useful insights into the impact of tobacco taxes, social inequalities and purchase patterns in the UK. Although tobacco became less affordable, the annual rate of decline was low, suggesting annual tax rises were not large enough.
KW - Taxation
KW - Price
KW - Tobacco
KW - Hand-rolled/RYO tobacco
KW - Economics
KW - Disparities
U2 - 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054027
DO - 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054027
M3 - Article
JO - Tobacco Control
JF - Tobacco Control
SN - 1468-3318
M1 - 054027
ER -