Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The existing measures of tobacco affordability (smokers' purchasing power for tobacco) use national estimates of income and average cigarette prices, and exclude roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. This study developed an individualised measure of tobacco affordability using smokers' own incomes and factory-made (FM) or RYO tobacco purchase prices, and explored how it was impacted by taxation changes, individual characteristics and purchase patterns.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey data collated from 10 waves of a longitudinal cohort study.
DATA SOURCES: Adult smokers (n=4062) from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project United Kingdom (UK), surveyed between 2002 and 2014, providing 8943 observations over 10 surveys.
ANALYSIS: Affordability was calculated as the percentage of annual income remaining with the individuals after their annual tobacco expenditure. Multilevel linear regression models were used with affordability as the outcome using time, sex, age, geographical region, ethnicity, education, nicotine dependence and tobacco purchase source as the predictor variables.
RESULTS: Affordability of FM cigarettes decreased significantly from 91.5% (±95% CI: 91.0% to 91.9%) in 2002 to 87.8% (87.0% to 88.5%) in 2014; and RYO from 96.3% (95.7% to 96.9%) in 2006 to 93.7% (93.0% to 94.4%) in 2014. Affordability was significantly lower for FM than RYO. Year-on-year decreases were not statistically significant. Tobacco was more affordable for males, those with higher education, less dependent smokers and those purchasing from non-store (potentially illicit) or non-UK sources.
CONCLUSIONS: An individualised measure of tobacco affordability provided useful insights on the impact of tobacco taxes, social inequalities and purchase patterns in the UK. Although tobacco became less affordable, the annual rate of decline was low, suggesting annual tax rises were not large enough.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 054027 |
| Pages (from-to) | s9-s19 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | Tobacco Control |
| Volume | 28 |
| Issue number | Suppl 1 |
| Early online date | 23 Jul 2018 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 17 Apr 2019 |
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Keywords
- Taxation
- Price
- Tobacco
- Hand-rolled/RYO tobacco
- Economics
- Disparities
- Income/statistics & numerical data
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Taxes/economics
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Costs and Cost Analysis/statistics & numerical data
- Tobacco Products/economics
- Male
- United Kingdom
- Young Adult
- Commerce/statistics & numerical data
- Consumer Behavior/statistics & numerical data
- Adolescent
- Sex Factors
- Adult
- Female
- Surveys and Questionnaires
Cite this
Individualised tobacco affordability in the UK 2002 - 2014 : Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project. / Partos, Timea R.; Branston, J. Robert; Hiscock, Rosemary; Gilmore, Anna; McNeill, Ann.
In: Tobacco Control, Vol. 28, No. Suppl 1, 054027, 17.04.2019, p. s9-s19.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Individualised tobacco affordability in the UK 2002 - 2014
T2 - Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project
AU - Partos, Timea R.
AU - Branston, J. Robert
AU - Hiscock, Rosemary
AU - Gilmore, Anna
AU - McNeill, Ann
N1 - © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2019. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.
PY - 2019/4/17
Y1 - 2019/4/17
N2 - OBJECTIVE: The existing measures of tobacco affordability (smokers' purchasing power for tobacco) use national estimates of income and average cigarette prices, and exclude roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. This study developed an individualised measure of tobacco affordability using smokers' own incomes and factory-made (FM) or RYO tobacco purchase prices, and explored how it was impacted by taxation changes, individual characteristics and purchase patterns.DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey data collated from 10 waves of a longitudinal cohort study.DATA SOURCES: Adult smokers (n=4062) from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project United Kingdom (UK), surveyed between 2002 and 2014, providing 8943 observations over 10 surveys.ANALYSIS: Affordability was calculated as the percentage of annual income remaining with the individuals after their annual tobacco expenditure. Multilevel linear regression models were used with affordability as the outcome using time, sex, age, geographical region, ethnicity, education, nicotine dependence and tobacco purchase source as the predictor variables.RESULTS: Affordability of FM cigarettes decreased significantly from 91.5% (±95% CI: 91.0% to 91.9%) in 2002 to 87.8% (87.0% to 88.5%) in 2014; and RYO from 96.3% (95.7% to 96.9%) in 2006 to 93.7% (93.0% to 94.4%) in 2014. Affordability was significantly lower for FM than RYO. Year-on-year decreases were not statistically significant. Tobacco was more affordable for males, those with higher education, less dependent smokers and those purchasing from non-store (potentially illicit) or non-UK sources.CONCLUSIONS: An individualised measure of tobacco affordability provided useful insights on the impact of tobacco taxes, social inequalities and purchase patterns in the UK. Although tobacco became less affordable, the annual rate of decline was low, suggesting annual tax rises were not large enough.
AB - OBJECTIVE: The existing measures of tobacco affordability (smokers' purchasing power for tobacco) use national estimates of income and average cigarette prices, and exclude roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. This study developed an individualised measure of tobacco affordability using smokers' own incomes and factory-made (FM) or RYO tobacco purchase prices, and explored how it was impacted by taxation changes, individual characteristics and purchase patterns.DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey data collated from 10 waves of a longitudinal cohort study.DATA SOURCES: Adult smokers (n=4062) from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project United Kingdom (UK), surveyed between 2002 and 2014, providing 8943 observations over 10 surveys.ANALYSIS: Affordability was calculated as the percentage of annual income remaining with the individuals after their annual tobacco expenditure. Multilevel linear regression models were used with affordability as the outcome using time, sex, age, geographical region, ethnicity, education, nicotine dependence and tobacco purchase source as the predictor variables.RESULTS: Affordability of FM cigarettes decreased significantly from 91.5% (±95% CI: 91.0% to 91.9%) in 2002 to 87.8% (87.0% to 88.5%) in 2014; and RYO from 96.3% (95.7% to 96.9%) in 2006 to 93.7% (93.0% to 94.4%) in 2014. Affordability was significantly lower for FM than RYO. Year-on-year decreases were not statistically significant. Tobacco was more affordable for males, those with higher education, less dependent smokers and those purchasing from non-store (potentially illicit) or non-UK sources.CONCLUSIONS: An individualised measure of tobacco affordability provided useful insights on the impact of tobacco taxes, social inequalities and purchase patterns in the UK. Although tobacco became less affordable, the annual rate of decline was low, suggesting annual tax rises were not large enough.
KW - Taxation
KW - Price
KW - Tobacco
KW - Hand-rolled/RYO tobacco
KW - Economics
KW - Disparities
KW - Income/statistics & numerical data
KW - Cross-Sectional Studies
KW - Taxes/economics
KW - Humans
KW - Middle Aged
KW - Costs and Cost Analysis/statistics & numerical data
KW - Tobacco Products/economics
KW - Male
KW - United Kingdom
KW - Young Adult
KW - Commerce/statistics & numerical data
KW - Consumer Behavior/statistics & numerical data
KW - Adolescent
KW - Sex Factors
KW - Adult
KW - Female
KW - Surveys and Questionnaires
U2 - 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054027
DO - 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054027
M3 - Article
VL - 28
SP - s9-s19
JO - Tobacco Control
JF - Tobacco Control
SN - 1468-3318
IS - Suppl 1
M1 - 054027
ER -