Abstract
While studies investigating gendered ways of campaigning have primarily focused on negative campaign strategies, we explore the extent to which women and men engage in negative and positive campaigning and how they are combined. Our analyses, relying on the 2019 Finnish Parliamentary Candidates Survey, shows that even in the Finnish context, with comparatively high levels of gender equality in society and politics, distinct gender patterns in campaigning occur. Women candidates report having campaigned more positively than men candidates, while men candidates are more likely to report having campaigned negatively than women candidates. We also find that men are more inclined to incorporate a balanced mixture of positive and negative campaign messages, while women predominantly rely on positive campaigning. Based on our findings, we conclude that women and men still do not compete in politics on equal terms.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 319-335 |
Number of pages | 17 |
Journal | Journal of Women, Politics & Policy |
Volume | 44 |
Issue number | 3 |
Early online date | 10 Mar 2023 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 31 Dec 2023 |
Bibliographical note
This work was supported by The Academy of Finland (Grant number 316239).Funding
This work was supported by The Academy of Finland (Grant number 316239). A previous version of the paper has been discussed at the research workshops organized by the Department of Politics, Languages and International Studies at the University of Bath and the IntraComp Project at the University of Helsinki. The authors would like to thank all participants for their very useful feedback and suggestions.
Funders | Funder number |
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Department of Politics | |
University of Helsinki | |
University of Bath | |
Academy of Finland | 316239 |
Keywords
- Finland
- Gender
- negative campaigning
- positive campaigning
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Gender Studies
- Sociology and Political Science