@article{f665de314e6d42d7991b70a7f414af7f,
title = "Global expansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 shaped by colonial migration and local adaptation",
abstract = "On the basis of population genomic and phylogeographic analyses of 1669 Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 (L4) genomes, we find that dispersal of L4 has been completely dominated by historical migrations out of Europe. We demonstrate an intimate temporal relationship between European colonial expansion into Africa and the Americas and the spread of L4 tuberculosis (TB). Markedly, in the age of antibiotics, mutations conferring antimicrobial resistance overwhelmingly emerged locally (at the level of nations), with minimal cross-border transmission of resistance. The latter finding was found to reflect the relatively recent emergence of these mutations, as a similar degree of local restriction was observed for susceptible variants emerging on comparable time scales. The restricted international transmission of drug-resistant TB suggests that containment efforts at the level of individual countries could be successful.",
author = "Brynildsrud, {Ola B.} and Pepperell, {Caitlin S.} and Philip Suffys and Louis Grandjean and Johana Monteserin and Nadia Debech and Jon Bohlin and Kristian Alfsnes and Pettersson, {John O.H.} and Ingerid Kirkeleite and Fatima Fandinho and {Da Silva}, {Marcia Aparecida} and Joao Perdigao and Isabel Portugal and Miguel Viveiros and Taane Clark and Maxine Caws and Sarah Dunstan and Thai, {Phan Vuong Khac} and Beatriz Lopez and Viviana Ritacco and Andrew Kitchen and Brown, {Tyler S.} and {Van Soolingen}, Dick and O'Neill, {Mary B.} and Holt, {Kathryn E.} and Feil, {Edward J.} and Barun Mathema and Francois Balloux and Vegard Eldholm",
note = "Funding Information: C.S.P. was supported by the NIH grant number 1R01AI113287-01A1. K.E.H. is funded by a Viertel Foundation of Australia Senior Medical Research Fellowship. F.B. acknowledges support from the BBSRC GCRF scheme and the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved. Copyright: Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2018",
month = oct,
day = "17",
doi = "10.1126/sciadv.aat5869",
language = "English",
volume = "4",
journal = "Science Advances",
issn = "2375-2548",
publisher = "American Association for the Advancement of Science",
number = "10",
}