Future circular collider feasibility study report: Volume 2 Accelerators, technical infrastructure and safety

FCC Collaboration

doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01967-4

Future circular collider feasibility study report: Volume 2 Accelerators, technical infrastructure and safety

FCC Collaboration

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

4 Citations (SciVal)

Abstract

In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase. The FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW pair production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold—each delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes between the Z, WW, and ZH substages remains flexible. The FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV—nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC—and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the upcoming High-Luminosity LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, the FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes. This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	5713-6197
Number of pages	485
Journal	European Physical Journal: Special Topics
Volume	234
Issue number	19
Early online date	17 Nov 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01967-4
Publication status	Published - 31 Dec 2025

Data Availability Statement

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and/or its supplementary information files

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the International Steering Committee members:
F. Gianotti (Chair), CERN
R. Bello, CERN
P. Chomaz, CEA, France
M. Cobal, INFN and University of Udine, Italy
B. Heinemann, DESY, Germany
T. Koseki, KEK, Japan
M. Lamont, CERN
L. Merminga, FNAL, United States
J. Mnich, CERN
M. Seidel, PSI and EPFL, Switzerland
C. Warakaulle, CERN
and the Scientific Advisory Committee members:
A. Parker (Chair), Cambridge University, UK
R. Bartolini, DESY, Germany
A. Chabert, SFTRF, France
H. Ehrbar, Heinz Ehrbar Partners LLC, Switzerland
B. Gavela Legazpi, UAM Madrid, Spain
G. Hiller, TU Dortmund, Germany
S. Krishnagopal, FNAL, U.S.
P. Križan, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
P. Lebrun, ESI, France
P. McIntosh, STFC, ASTeC, UKRI, UK
M. Minty, BNL, U.S.
R. Tenchini, INFN Sezione di Pisa, Italy
for their continued guidance and careful reviewing that helped to complete this report successfully.
Every effort has been made to correctly acknowledge all image sources and rights holders. Any
omission is unintentional, and the FCC Project remains available to review and amend credits upon request from legitimate data owners.

Funding

Open access funding provided by CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The research carried out by the international FCC collaboration hosted by CERN, which led to this publication, has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant numbers 951754 (FCCIS), 654305 (EuroCirCol), 764879 (EASITrain), 730871 (ARIES), 777563 (RI-Paths), 101086276 (EAJADE), 101004730 (iFAST), 101131435 (iSAS), 101131850 (RF2.0) and from FP7 under grant number 312453 (EuCARD-2). This work has also benefited from the support of CHART (Swiss Accelerator Research and Technology, founded in 2016 as an umbrella collaboration for accelerator research and technology activities. Present partners in CHART are CERN, PSI, EPFL, ETH-Zurich and the University of Geneva.

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Materials Science
General Physics and Astronomy
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry

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Cite this

@article{d0ad6cd8ce9c4cb9a6dfb902342854ff,

title = "Future circular collider feasibility study report: Volume 2 Accelerators, technical infrastructure and safety",

abstract = "In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase. The FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW pair production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold—each delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes between the Z, WW, and ZH substages remains flexible. The FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV—nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC—and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the upcoming High-Luminosity LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, the FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes. This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.",

author = "\{FCC Collaboration\} and Y. Bai and Ball, \{A. H.\} and Barnes, \{M. J.\} and S. Bettoni and S. Bhattacharya and Y. Cai and S. Chatterjee and H. Chen and W. Chung and A. Das and Davies, \{G. J.\} and J. Ellis and Y. Feng and Frost, \{J. A.\} and S. Gao and G. Guerrieri and X. Huang and A. Hussain and R. Islam and Jackson, \{P. D.\} and S. Kim and M. Klein and S. Ko and Lee, \{J. S.H.\} and Lee, \{S. W.\} and Lee, \{S. W.\} and S. Li and H. Lin and Z. Liu and Lunt, \{A. J.G.\} and Jardim, \{C. M.\} and A. Mueller and E. Musa and E. Silva and Singh, \{B. K.\} and S. Singh and S. Tang and Wang, \{L. T.\} and Y. Wang and Ward, \{B. F.L.\} and Watson, \{A. T.\} and Watson, \{M. F.\} and Weber, \{M. S.\} and S. White and Williams, \{P. H.\} and Williams, \{S. L.\} and A. Winter and Y. Wu and Z. Wu and F. Yu and Yu, \{S. S.\} and Yu, \{T. T.\} and H. Zhang and J. Zhang and Y. Zhang and Z. Zhang and Y. Zhao and J. Zhu",

year = "2025",

month = dec,

day = "31",

doi = "10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01967-4",

language = "English",

volume = "234",

pages = "5713--6197",

journal = "European Physical Journal: Special Topics",

issn = "1951-6355",

publisher = "Springer Verlag",

number = "19",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Future circular collider feasibility study report

T2 - Volume 2 Accelerators, technical infrastructure and safety

AU - FCC Collaboration

AU - Bai, Y.

AU - Ball, A. H.

AU - Barnes, M. J.

AU - Bettoni, S.

AU - Bhattacharya, S.

AU - Cai, Y.

AU - Chatterjee, S.

AU - Chen, H.

AU - Chung, W.

AU - Das, A.

AU - Davies, G. J.

AU - Ellis, J.

AU - Feng, Y.

AU - Frost, J. A.

AU - Gao, S.

AU - Guerrieri, G.

AU - Huang, X.

AU - Hussain, A.

AU - Islam, R.

AU - Jackson, P. D.

AU - Kim, S.

AU - Klein, M.

AU - Ko, S.

AU - Lee, J. S.H.

AU - Lee, S. W.

AU - Li, S.

AU - Lin, H.

AU - Liu, Z.

AU - Lunt, A. J.G.

AU - Jardim, C. M.

AU - Mueller, A.

AU - Musa, E.

AU - Silva, E.

AU - Singh, B. K.

AU - Singh, S.

AU - Tang, S.

AU - Wang, L. T.

AU - Wang, Y.

AU - Ward, B. F.L.

AU - Watson, A. T.

AU - Watson, M. F.

AU - Weber, M. S.

AU - White, S.

AU - Williams, P. H.

AU - Williams, S. L.

AU - Winter, A.

AU - Wu, Y.

AU - Wu, Z.

AU - Yu, F.

AU - Yu, S. S.

AU - Yu, T. T.

AU - Zhang, H.

AU - Zhang, J.

AU - Zhang, Y.

AU - Zhang, Z.

AU - Zhao, Y.

AU - Zhu, J.

PY - 2025/12/31

Y1 - 2025/12/31

N2 - In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase. The FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW pair production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold—each delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes between the Z, WW, and ZH substages remains flexible. The FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV—nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC—and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the upcoming High-Luminosity LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, the FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes. This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.

AB - In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase. The FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW pair production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold—each delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes between the Z, WW, and ZH substages remains flexible. The FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV—nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC—and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the upcoming High-Luminosity LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, the FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes. This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.

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U2 - 10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01967-4

DO - 10.1140/epjs/s11734-025-01967-4

M3 - Review article

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SN - 1951-6355

VL - 234

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JO - European Physical Journal: Special Topics

JF - European Physical Journal: Special Topics

IS - 19

ER -

Future circular collider feasibility study report: Volume 2 Accelerators, technical infrastructure and safety

Abstract

Data Availability Statement

Acknowledgements

Funding

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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