Abstract
In the urban water cycle, water supply, transportation, treatment and disposal are services that consume a considerable amount of energy. This paper reviews and summarizes state of the art measures applied in different parts of the world to reduce the energy consumption related to urban water. Based on a literature review, an overview of the energy balance in the urban water cycle in some regions of the world is presented. The balance shows that water heating is the largest energy expenditure with approximately 80% of the total primary energy demand in the residential sector of the cycle, while the remaining 20% of energy is spent by waterworks on pumping and treatment. Examples of measures to reduce the consumption of energy are presented according to a philosophy of actions in order to achieve energy efficient processes. The emphasis is on technologies and case studies to recover the energy from urban water, as well as some factors that influence the deployment of the technologies. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 808-820 |
| Number of pages | 13 |
| Journal | Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |
| Volume | 30 |
| Early online date | 4 Dec 2013 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Feb 2014 |
Bibliographical note
Cited By :2Export Date: 23 March 2015
CODEN: RSERF
Correspondence Address: Elías-Maxil, J.A.; Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628CN, Delft, Netherlands; email: [email protected]
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Keywords
- Energy recovery
- Heat recovery systems
- Urban water cycle
- Wastewater
- Water-energy nexus
- Consumption of energy
- Energy-efficient process
- Primary energy demand
- Treatment and disposal
- Urban waters
- Water energy
- Energy efficiency
- Energy utilization
- Waste heat
- Wastewater disposal
- Water supply
- Recovery
- Urban transportation
