Abstract
The electronic properties of vanadium-doped rutile TiO 2 are investigated theoretically with a Hartree-Fock/DFT hybrid approach. The most common oxidation states (V 2+ , V 3+ , V 4+ , and V 5+ ) in different spin states are investigated and their relative stability is calculated. The most stable spin states are quartet, quintet, doublet, and singlet for V 2+ , V 3+ , V 4+ , and V 5+ doping, respectively. By comparing the formation energy with respect to the parent oxides and gas-phase oxygen (ΔE), we conclude that V 4+ (ΔE=145.3 kJ mol -1 ) is the most likely oxidation state for vanadium doping with the possibility of V 5+ doping (ΔE=283.5 kJ mol -1 ). The energetic and electronic properties are converged with dopant concentrations in the range of 0.9 to 3.2 %, which is within the experimentally accessible range. The investigation of electronic properties shows that V 4+ doping creates both occupied and unoccupied vanadium states in the band gap and V 5+ doping creates unoccupied states at the bottom of the conduction band. In both cases there is a significant reduction of the band gap by 0.65 to 0.75 eV compared to that of undoped rutile TiO 2 .
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 3467-3473 |
Number of pages | 7 |
Journal | ChemPhysChem |
Volume | 12 |
Issue number | 17 |
Early online date | 24 Oct 2011 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 9 Dec 2011 |
Keywords
- density functional calculations
- doping
- electronic properties
- TiO
- vanadium
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry