Dual-channel fluorescent probe for monitoring the dynamic changes of hypochlorite ion and ATP in drug-induced liver injury

Pan-Dong Mao; Shuang-Shuang Liu; Ze-Yi Lian; Wei Na Wu; Lin-Yan Bian; Yuan Wang; Zhi Hong Xu; Tony James

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2025.137908

Dual-channel fluorescent probe for monitoring the dynamic changes of hypochlorite ion and ATP in drug-induced liver injury

Pan-Dong Mao, Shuang-Shuang Liu, Ze-Yi Lian, Wei Na Wu, Lin-Yan Bian, Yuan Wang, Zhi Hong Xu, Tony James

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

5 Citations (SciVal)

Abstract

Hypochlorite ion (ClO ⁻) plays a significant role in physiological processes, while adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) is often referred to as the ‘molecular currency’ for cellular energy. Changes in intracellular ClO ⁻ and ATP concentrations can be induced by inhibitors, stimulators, and acetaminophen (APAP) which is associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Therefore, the accurate monitoring of intracellular ClO ⁻ and ATP levels is essential for revealing the pathological mechanism of DILI, which has not been fully evaluated to date. With this research, we developed a bi-functional probe (1) with aminoethyl piperazine bridged Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) moieties to detect ClO ⁻ and ATP simultaneously. On interaction with ATP and ClO ⁻, probe 1, which was initially non-emissive, exhibited the characteristic fluorescence emission signals of RhB (λ _ex = 460 nm, λ _em = 590 nm) and MB (λ _ex = 630 nm, λ _em = 685 nm), respectively, through opening of the RhB spirolactam ring and release of MB. Significantly, probe 1 could be used to visually monitor changes in cellular ClO ⁻ and ATP levels in the presence of various inhibitors, stimulators, and acetaminophen (APAP) associated with DILI.

Original language	English
Article number	137908
Journal	Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
Volume	440
Early online date	1 May 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2025.137908
Publication status	Published - 1 Oct 2025

Data Availability Statement

All data supporting this research are available as part of the Manuscript and Supplementary Information.

Funding

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21907023 and 21001040), the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (No. 252300420243 and 252300420793), the Joint Program for Fostering Talents of National Natural Science Foundation of China and Henan Province (No. U1304202), the Science and Technology Department of Henan Province (No. 242300420190 and 222300420523), the Education Department of Henan Province (No. 24A150010), the Double World-Class Project of Henan Polytechnic University (No. AQ20230745 and AQ20230754), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province (No. NSFRF240809 and No. NSFRF230402), Innovative Research Team of Henan Polytechnic University (T2023-6), and Key Program of Xuchang University (2022CXTD001). T.D.J. wishes to thank the University of Bath and the Open Research Fund of the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University (2020ZD01) for support.

Funders	Funder number
University of Bath
Key Program of Xuchang University	2022CXTD001
Fostering Talents of National Natural Science Foundation of China and Henan Province	U1304202
Science and Technology Department of Henan Province	222300420523, 242300420190
Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province	252300420793, 252300420243
National Natural Science Foundation of China	21001040, 21907023
Henan Normal University	2020ZD01
Education Department of Henan Province	24A150010
Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province	T2023-6, NSFRF240809, NSFRF230402
Henan Polytechnic University	AQ20230745, AQ20230754

Keywords

ATP
ClO
Fluorescent probe
Methylene blue
Rhodamine B

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Instrumentation
Condensed Matter Physics
Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Metals and Alloys
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Materials Chemistry

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Cite this

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title = "Dual-channel fluorescent probe for monitoring the dynamic changes of hypochlorite ion and ATP in drug-induced liver injury",

abstract = "Hypochlorite ion (ClO −) plays a significant role in physiological processes, while adenosine-5{\textquoteright}-triphosphate (ATP) is often referred to as the {\textquoteleft}molecular currency{\textquoteright} for cellular energy. Changes in intracellular ClO − and ATP concentrations can be induced by inhibitors, stimulators, and acetaminophen (APAP) which is associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Therefore, the accurate monitoring of intracellular ClO − and ATP levels is essential for revealing the pathological mechanism of DILI, which has not been fully evaluated to date. With this research, we developed a bi-functional probe (1) with aminoethyl piperazine bridged Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) moieties to detect ClO − and ATP simultaneously. On interaction with ATP and ClO −, probe 1, which was initially non-emissive, exhibited the characteristic fluorescence emission signals of RhB (λ ex = 460 nm, λ em = 590 nm) and MB (λ ex = 630 nm, λ em = 685 nm), respectively, through opening of the RhB spirolactam ring and release of MB. Significantly, probe 1 could be used to visually monitor changes in cellular ClO − and ATP levels in the presence of various inhibitors, stimulators, and acetaminophen (APAP) associated with DILI.",

keywords = "ATP, ClO, Fluorescent probe, Methylene blue, Rhodamine B",

author = "Pan-Dong Mao and Shuang-Shuang Liu and Ze-Yi Lian and Wu, \{Wei Na\} and Lin-Yan Bian and Yuan Wang and Xu, \{Zhi Hong\} and Tony James",

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AU - Mao, Pan-Dong

AU - Liu, Shuang-Shuang

AU - Lian, Ze-Yi

AU - Wu, Wei Na

AU - Bian, Lin-Yan

AU - Wang, Yuan

AU - Xu, Zhi Hong

AU - James, Tony

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AB - Hypochlorite ion (ClO −) plays a significant role in physiological processes, while adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) is often referred to as the ‘molecular currency’ for cellular energy. Changes in intracellular ClO − and ATP concentrations can be induced by inhibitors, stimulators, and acetaminophen (APAP) which is associated with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Therefore, the accurate monitoring of intracellular ClO − and ATP levels is essential for revealing the pathological mechanism of DILI, which has not been fully evaluated to date. With this research, we developed a bi-functional probe (1) with aminoethyl piperazine bridged Rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) moieties to detect ClO − and ATP simultaneously. On interaction with ATP and ClO −, probe 1, which was initially non-emissive, exhibited the characteristic fluorescence emission signals of RhB (λ ex = 460 nm, λ em = 590 nm) and MB (λ ex = 630 nm, λ em = 685 nm), respectively, through opening of the RhB spirolactam ring and release of MB. Significantly, probe 1 could be used to visually monitor changes in cellular ClO − and ATP levels in the presence of various inhibitors, stimulators, and acetaminophen (APAP) associated with DILI.

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Dual-channel fluorescent probe for monitoring the dynamic changes of hypochlorite ion and ATP in drug-induced liver injury

Abstract

Data Availability Statement

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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