Distribution network equivalents for reliability analysis. Part 2: storage and demand-side resources

This paper, which is the second part of a two-part series, considers the influence of distributed energy resource functionalities on reliability performance of active networks. The reliability and network equivalent models defined in the Part 1 paper are used to assess the potential improvements that different demand-side management and energy storage schemes will have on the frequency and duration of customer interruptions. Particular attention is given to energy-related reliability indices which measure the energy and power not supplied to residential and commercial customers. A new theoretical interruption model is also introduced for a more accurate correlation between the different low-voltage and medium-voltage demand profiles and the time when both long and short interruptions are more likely to occur.