Detailed study of a rare hyperluminous rotating disk in an Einstein ring 10 billion years ago

Daizhong Liu; Natascha M. Förster Schreiber; Kevin C. Harrington; Lilian l. Lee; Patrick s. Kamieneski; Richard I. Davies; Dieter Lutz; Alvio Renzini; Stijn Wuyts; Linda J. Tacconi; Reinhard Genzel; Andreas Burkert; Rodrigo Herrera-Camus; Belén Alcalde pampliega; Amit Vishwas; Melanie Kaasinen; Q. Daniel Wang; Eric F. Jiménez-Andrade; James Lowenthal; Nicholas Foo; Brenda l. Frye; Jinyi Shangguan; Yixian Cao; Guido Agapito; Alex Agudo Berbel; Capucine Barfety; Andrea Baruffolo; Derek Berman; Martin Black; Marco Bonaglia; Runa Briguglio; Luca Carbonaro; Lee Chapman; Jianhang Chen; Aleksandar Cikota; Alice Concas; Olivia Cooper; Giovanni Cresci; Yigit Dallilar; Matthias Deysenroth; Ivan Di Antonio; Amico Di Cianno; Gianluca Di Rico; David Doelman; Mauro Dolci; Frank Eisenhauer; Juan Espejo; Simone Esposito; Daniela Fantinel; Debora Ferruzzi; Helmut Feuchtgruber; Xiaofeng Gao; Carlos Garcia diaz; Stefan Gillessen; Paolo Grani; Michael Hartl; David Henry; Heinrich Huber; Jean-Baptiste Jolly; Christoph u. Keller; Matthew Kenworthy; Kateryna Kravchenko; Minju M. Lee; John Lightfoot; David Lunney; Mike Macintosh; Filippo Mannucci; Thomas Ott; Massimo Pascale; Stavros Pastras; David Pearson; Alfio Puglisi; Claudia Pulsoni; Sebastian Rabien; Christian Rau; Armando Riccardi; Bernardo Salasnich; Taro Shimizu; Frans Snik; Eckhard Sturm; William Taylor; Angelo Valentini; Christopher Waring; Erich Wiezorrek; Marco Xompero; Min S. Yun

doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02296-7

Detailed study of a rare hyperluminous rotating disk in an Einstein ring 10 billion years ago

Daizhong Liu, Natascha M. Förster Schreiber, Kevin C. Harrington, Lilian l. Lee, Patrick s. Kamieneski, Richard I. Davies, Dieter Lutz, Alvio Renzini, Stijn Wuyts, Linda J. Tacconi, Reinhard Genzel, Andreas Burkert, Rodrigo Herrera-Camus, Belén Alcalde pampliega, Amit Vishwas, Melanie Kaasinen, Q. Daniel Wang, Eric F. Jiménez-Andrade, James Lowenthal, Nicholas FooBrenda l. Frye, Jinyi Shangguan, Yixian Cao, Guido Agapito, Alex Agudo Berbel, Capucine Barfety, Andrea Baruffolo, Derek Berman, Martin Black, Marco Bonaglia, Runa Briguglio, Luca Carbonaro, Lee Chapman, Jianhang Chen, Aleksandar Cikota, Alice Concas, Olivia Cooper, Giovanni Cresci, Yigit Dallilar, Matthias Deysenroth, Ivan Di Antonio, Amico Di Cianno, Gianluca Di Rico, David Doelman, Mauro Dolci, Frank Eisenhauer, Juan Espejo, Simone Esposito, Daniela Fantinel, Debora Ferruzzi, Helmut Feuchtgruber, Xiaofeng Gao, Carlos Garcia diaz, Stefan Gillessen, Paolo Grani, Michael Hartl, David Henry, Heinrich Huber, Jean-Baptiste Jolly, Christoph u. Keller, Matthew Kenworthy, Kateryna Kravchenko, Minju M. Lee, John Lightfoot, David Lunney, Mike Macintosh, Filippo Mannucci, Thomas Ott, Massimo Pascale, Stavros Pastras, David Pearson, Alfio Puglisi, Claudia Pulsoni, Sebastian Rabien, Christian Rau, Armando Riccardi, Bernardo Salasnich, Taro Shimizu, Frans Snik, Eckhard Sturm, William Taylor, Angelo Valentini, Christopher Waring, Erich Wiezorrek, Marco Xompero, Min S. Yun

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Citation (SciVal)

Abstract

Hyperluminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs) are the rarest and most extreme starbursts and found only in the distant Universe (z ≳ 1). They have intrinsic infrared (IR) luminosities LIR ≥ 1013 L⊙ and are commonly found to be major mergers. Recently, the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally-lensed Extreme Starbursts project (PASSAGES) searched ~104 deg2 of the sky and found ~20 HyLIRGs. We describe a detailed study of PJ0116-24, the brightest (μLIR ≈ 2.6 × 1014 L⊙, magnified with μ ≈ 17) Einstein-ring HyLIRG in the southern sky, at z = 2.125, with observations from the near-IR integral-field spectrograph VLT/ERIS and the submillimetre interferometer ALMA. We detected Hα, Hβ, [N II] and [S II] lines and obtained an extreme Balmer decrement (Hα/Hβ ≈ 8.73 ± 1.14). We modelled the molecular-gas and ionized-gas kinematics with CO(3–2) and Hα data at ~100–300 pc and (sub)kiloparsec delensed scales, respectively, finding consistent regular rotation. We found PJ0116-24 to be highly rotationally supported (vrot/σ0, mol. gas ≈ 9.4) with a richer gaseous substructure than other known HyLIRGs. Our results imply that PJ0116-24 is an intrinsically massive (Mbaryon ≈ 1011.3 M⊙) and rare starbursty disk (star-formation rate, SFR = 1,490 M⊙ yr−1) probably undergoing secular evolution. This indicates that the maximal SFR (≳1,000 M⊙ yr−1) predicted by simulations could occur during a galaxy’s secular evolution, away from major mergers.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1181-1194
Number of pages	14
Journal	Nature Astronomy
Volume	8
Early online date	15 Jul 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02296-7
Publication status	Published - 30 Sept 2024

Data Availability Statement

ESO VLT ERIS and MUSE data are publicly available at the ESO archive (https://archive.eso.org/cms/eso-data/instrument-specific-query-forms.html). ALMA data are publicly available at the ALMA Science Archive (https://almascience.eso.org/aq/ with the identifiers ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.01214.S and ADS/JAO.ALMA#2019.1.01197.S). HST data are available at the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (https://mast.stsci.edu/). Our ALMA CO and ERIS Hα + [N II] cubes and the glafic lensing modelling files are available via figshare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25359613 (ref. 130).

Funding

We thank the ESO VLT staff for executing the ERIS Science Verification programmes. This work was in part supported by the Excellence Cluster ORIGINS, which is funded by the German Research Foundation under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy (EXC-2094-390783311). R.H.-C. thanks the Max Planck Society for support under the Partner Group project \u2018The Baryon Cycle in Galaxies\u2019, which is run between the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics and the Universidad de Concepci\u00F3n. R.H.-C. also gratefully acknowledges financial support from Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00F3n y Desarrollo (ANID) Proyecto Centro de Astrof\u00EDsica y Tecnolog\u00EDas Afines (CATA, FB210003). E.F.-J.A. acknowledges support from Program to Support Research and Technological Innovation Projects (PAPIIT; Project IA102023) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and from the Program \u201CFrontier Science\u201D (Project ID CF-2023-I-506) of the National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies (CONAHCyT). G.C. acknowledges the support of the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (Large Grant No. 2022, The metal circle: a new sharp view of the baryon cycle up to Cosmic Dawn with the latest generation IFU facilities). This paper made use of observations collected at the ESO (Programme 110.258\u2009S) and use of ALMA data (ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.01214.S, ADS/JAO.ALMA#2019.1.01197.S, ADS/JAO.ALMA# 2021.1.00353.S and ADS/JAO.ALMA#2021.2.00062.S). ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), the National Science Foundation (USA) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (Japan), together with the National Research Council (Canada), the Ministry of Science and Technology and Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.

Funders	Funder number
National Science Foundation
Universidad de Concepción
Academia Sinica
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
CONAHCyT
National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies
National Research Council
Centro de Astrofísica y Tecnologías Afines
Ministry of Science and Technology
National Institutes of Natural Sciences
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
Italian National Institute for Astrophysics	2022
CATA	IA102023, FB210003
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)	EXC-2094-390783311
UNAM	CF-2023-I-506

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https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02296-7

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Liu, D., Förster Schreiber, N. M., Harrington, K. C., Lee, L. L., Kamieneski, P. S., Davies, R. I., Lutz, D., Renzini, A., Wuyts, S., Tacconi, L. J., Genzel, R., Burkert, A., Herrera-Camus, R., Alcalde pampliega, B., Vishwas, A., Kaasinen, M., Wang, Q. D., Jiménez-Andrade, E. F., Lowenthal, J., ... Yun, M. S. (2024). Detailed study of a rare hyperluminous rotating disk in an Einstein ring 10 billion years ago. Nature Astronomy, 8, 1181-1194. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02296-7

Liu, D, Förster Schreiber, NM, Harrington, KC, Lee, LL, Kamieneski, PS, Davies, RI, Lutz, D, Renzini, A, Wuyts, S, Tacconi, LJ, Genzel, R, Burkert, A, Herrera-Camus, R, Alcalde pampliega, B, Vishwas, A, Kaasinen, M, Wang, QD, Jiménez-Andrade, EF, Lowenthal, J, Foo, N, Frye, BL, Shangguan, J, Cao, Y, Agapito, G, Berbel, AA, Barfety, C, Baruffolo, A, Berman, D, Black, M, Bonaglia, M, Briguglio, R, Carbonaro, L, Chapman, L, Chen, J, Cikota, A, Concas, A, Cooper, O, Cresci, G, Dallilar, Y, Deysenroth, M, Di Antonio, I, Di Cianno, A, Di Rico, G, Doelman, D, Dolci, M, Eisenhauer, F, Espejo, J, Esposito, S, Fantinel, D, Ferruzzi, D, Feuchtgruber, H, Gao, X, Garcia diaz, C, Gillessen, S, Grani, P, Hartl, M, Henry, D, Huber, H, Jolly, J-B, Keller, CU, Kenworthy, M, Kravchenko, K, Lee, MM, Lightfoot, J, Lunney, D, Macintosh, M, Mannucci, F, Ott, T, Pascale, M, Pastras, S, Pearson, D, Puglisi, A, Pulsoni, C, Rabien, S, Rau, C, Riccardi, A, Salasnich, B, Shimizu, T, Snik, F, Sturm, E, Taylor, W, Valentini, A, Waring, C, Wiezorrek, E, Xompero, M & Yun, MS 2024, 'Detailed study of a rare hyperluminous rotating disk in an Einstein ring 10 billion years ago', Nature Astronomy, vol. 8, pp. 1181-1194. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02296-7

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abstract = "Hyperluminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs) are the rarest and most extreme starbursts and found only in the distant Universe (z ≳ 1). They have intrinsic infrared (IR) luminosities LIR ≥ 1013 L⊙ and are commonly found to be major mergers. Recently, the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally-lensed Extreme Starbursts project (PASSAGES) searched ~104 deg2 of the sky and found ~20 HyLIRGs. We describe a detailed study of PJ0116-24, the brightest (μLIR ≈ 2.6 × 1014 L⊙, magnified with μ ≈ 17) Einstein-ring HyLIRG in the southern sky, at z = 2.125, with observations from the near-IR integral-field spectrograph VLT/ERIS and the submillimetre interferometer ALMA. We detected Hα, Hβ, [N II] and [S II] lines and obtained an extreme Balmer decrement (Hα/Hβ ≈ 8.73 ± 1.14). We modelled the molecular-gas and ionized-gas kinematics with CO(3–2) and Hα data at ~100–300 pc and (sub)kiloparsec delensed scales, respectively, finding consistent regular rotation. We found PJ0116-24 to be highly rotationally supported (vrot/σ0, mol. gas ≈ 9.4) with a richer gaseous substructure than other known HyLIRGs. Our results imply that PJ0116-24 is an intrinsically massive (Mbaryon ≈ 1011.3 M⊙) and rare starbursty disk (star-formation rate, SFR = 1,490 M⊙ yr−1) probably undergoing secular evolution. This indicates that the maximal SFR (≳1,000 M⊙ yr−1) predicted by simulations could occur during a galaxy{\textquoteright}s secular evolution, away from major mergers.",

author = "Daizhong Liu and {F{\"o}rster Schreiber}, {Natascha M.} and Harrington, {Kevin C.} and Lee, {Lilian l.} and Kamieneski, {Patrick s.} and Davies, {Richard I.} and Dieter Lutz and Alvio Renzini and Stijn Wuyts and Tacconi, {Linda J.} and Reinhard Genzel and Andreas Burkert and Rodrigo Herrera-Camus and {Alcalde pampliega}, Bel{\'e}n and Amit Vishwas and Melanie Kaasinen and Wang, {Q. Daniel} and Jim{\'e}nez-Andrade, {Eric F.} and James Lowenthal and Nicholas Foo and Frye, {Brenda l.} and Jinyi Shangguan and Yixian Cao and Guido Agapito and Berbel, {Alex Agudo} and Capucine Barfety and Andrea Baruffolo and Derek Berman and Martin Black and Marco Bonaglia and Runa Briguglio and Luca Carbonaro and Lee Chapman and Jianhang Chen and Aleksandar Cikota and Alice Concas and Olivia Cooper and Giovanni Cresci and Yigit Dallilar and Matthias Deysenroth and {Di Antonio}, Ivan and {Di Cianno}, Amico and {Di Rico}, Gianluca and David Doelman and Mauro Dolci and Frank Eisenhauer and Juan Espejo and Simone Esposito and Daniela Fantinel and Debora Ferruzzi and Helmut Feuchtgruber and Xiaofeng Gao and {Garcia diaz}, Carlos and Stefan Gillessen and Paolo Grani and Michael Hartl and David Henry and Heinrich Huber and Jean-Baptiste Jolly and Keller, {Christoph u.} and Matthew Kenworthy and Kateryna Kravchenko and Lee, {Minju M.} and John Lightfoot and David Lunney and Mike Macintosh and Filippo Mannucci and Thomas Ott and Massimo Pascale and Stavros Pastras and David Pearson and Alfio Puglisi and Claudia Pulsoni and Sebastian Rabien and Christian Rau and Armando Riccardi and Bernardo Salasnich and Taro Shimizu and Frans Snik and Eckhard Sturm and William Taylor and Angelo Valentini and Christopher Waring and Erich Wiezorrek and Marco Xompero and Yun, {Min S.}",

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doi = "10.1038/s41550-024-02296-7",

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AU - Förster Schreiber, Natascha M.

AU - Harrington, Kevin C.

AU - Lee, Lilian l.

AU - Kamieneski, Patrick s.

AU - Davies, Richard I.

AU - Lutz, Dieter

AU - Renzini, Alvio

AU - Wuyts, Stijn

AU - Tacconi, Linda J.

AU - Genzel, Reinhard

AU - Burkert, Andreas

AU - Herrera-Camus, Rodrigo

AU - Alcalde pampliega, Belén

AU - Vishwas, Amit

AU - Kaasinen, Melanie

AU - Wang, Q. Daniel

AU - Jiménez-Andrade, Eric F.

AU - Lowenthal, James

AU - Foo, Nicholas

AU - Frye, Brenda l.

AU - Shangguan, Jinyi

AU - Cao, Yixian

AU - Agapito, Guido

AU - Berbel, Alex Agudo

AU - Barfety, Capucine

AU - Baruffolo, Andrea

AU - Berman, Derek

AU - Black, Martin

AU - Bonaglia, Marco

AU - Briguglio, Runa

AU - Carbonaro, Luca

AU - Chapman, Lee

AU - Chen, Jianhang

AU - Cikota, Aleksandar

AU - Concas, Alice

AU - Cooper, Olivia

AU - Cresci, Giovanni

AU - Dallilar, Yigit

AU - Deysenroth, Matthias

AU - Di Antonio, Ivan

AU - Di Cianno, Amico

AU - Di Rico, Gianluca

AU - Doelman, David

AU - Dolci, Mauro

AU - Eisenhauer, Frank

AU - Espejo, Juan

AU - Esposito, Simone

AU - Fantinel, Daniela

AU - Ferruzzi, Debora

AU - Feuchtgruber, Helmut

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AU - Garcia diaz, Carlos

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AU - Ott, Thomas

AU - Pascale, Massimo

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AU - Pearson, David

AU - Puglisi, Alfio

AU - Pulsoni, Claudia

AU - Rabien, Sebastian

AU - Rau, Christian

AU - Riccardi, Armando

AU - Salasnich, Bernardo

AU - Shimizu, Taro

AU - Snik, Frans

AU - Sturm, Eckhard

AU - Taylor, William

AU - Valentini, Angelo

AU - Waring, Christopher

AU - Wiezorrek, Erich

AU - Xompero, Marco

AU - Yun, Min S.

PY - 2024/9/30

Y1 - 2024/9/30

N2 - Hyperluminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs) are the rarest and most extreme starbursts and found only in the distant Universe (z ≳ 1). They have intrinsic infrared (IR) luminosities LIR ≥ 1013 L⊙ and are commonly found to be major mergers. Recently, the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally-lensed Extreme Starbursts project (PASSAGES) searched ~104 deg2 of the sky and found ~20 HyLIRGs. We describe a detailed study of PJ0116-24, the brightest (μLIR ≈ 2.6 × 1014 L⊙, magnified with μ ≈ 17) Einstein-ring HyLIRG in the southern sky, at z = 2.125, with observations from the near-IR integral-field spectrograph VLT/ERIS and the submillimetre interferometer ALMA. We detected Hα, Hβ, [N II] and [S II] lines and obtained an extreme Balmer decrement (Hα/Hβ ≈ 8.73 ± 1.14). We modelled the molecular-gas and ionized-gas kinematics with CO(3–2) and Hα data at ~100–300 pc and (sub)kiloparsec delensed scales, respectively, finding consistent regular rotation. We found PJ0116-24 to be highly rotationally supported (vrot/σ0, mol. gas ≈ 9.4) with a richer gaseous substructure than other known HyLIRGs. Our results imply that PJ0116-24 is an intrinsically massive (Mbaryon ≈ 1011.3 M⊙) and rare starbursty disk (star-formation rate, SFR = 1,490 M⊙ yr−1) probably undergoing secular evolution. This indicates that the maximal SFR (≳1,000 M⊙ yr−1) predicted by simulations could occur during a galaxy’s secular evolution, away from major mergers.

AB - Hyperluminous infrared galaxies (HyLIRGs) are the rarest and most extreme starbursts and found only in the distant Universe (z ≳ 1). They have intrinsic infrared (IR) luminosities LIR ≥ 1013 L⊙ and are commonly found to be major mergers. Recently, the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally-lensed Extreme Starbursts project (PASSAGES) searched ~104 deg2 of the sky and found ~20 HyLIRGs. We describe a detailed study of PJ0116-24, the brightest (μLIR ≈ 2.6 × 1014 L⊙, magnified with μ ≈ 17) Einstein-ring HyLIRG in the southern sky, at z = 2.125, with observations from the near-IR integral-field spectrograph VLT/ERIS and the submillimetre interferometer ALMA. We detected Hα, Hβ, [N II] and [S II] lines and obtained an extreme Balmer decrement (Hα/Hβ ≈ 8.73 ± 1.14). We modelled the molecular-gas and ionized-gas kinematics with CO(3–2) and Hα data at ~100–300 pc and (sub)kiloparsec delensed scales, respectively, finding consistent regular rotation. We found PJ0116-24 to be highly rotationally supported (vrot/σ0, mol. gas ≈ 9.4) with a richer gaseous substructure than other known HyLIRGs. Our results imply that PJ0116-24 is an intrinsically massive (Mbaryon ≈ 1011.3 M⊙) and rare starbursty disk (star-formation rate, SFR = 1,490 M⊙ yr−1) probably undergoing secular evolution. This indicates that the maximal SFR (≳1,000 M⊙ yr−1) predicted by simulations could occur during a galaxy’s secular evolution, away from major mergers.

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DO - 10.1038/s41550-024-02296-7

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SP - 1181

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JO - Nature Astronomy

JF - Nature Astronomy

ER -

Detailed study of a rare hyperluminous rotating disk in an Einstein ring 10 billion years ago

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