Compounding impacts of the earthquake and submarine landslide on the Toyama Bay tsunami during the January 2024 Noto Peninsula event

Iyan E. Mulia; Mohammad Heidarzadeh; Aditya Riadi Gusman; Kenji Satake; Yushiro Fujii; Karina Aprilia Sujatmiko; Irwan Meilano; Wiwin Windupranata

doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118698

Compounding impacts of the earthquake and submarine landslide on the Toyama Bay tsunami during the January 2024 Noto Peninsula event

Iyan E. Mulia, Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Kenji Satake, Yushiro Fujii, Karina Aprilia Sujatmiko, Irwan Meilano, Wiwin Windupranata

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Abstract

The January 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake (Mw 7.6) generated a destructive tsunami in the Sea of Japan region. Locally, inside Toyama Bay, the tsunami arrived at the Toyama wave and tide gauges within 2–3 min of the earthquake. Such an early tsunami arrival is inconsistent with the epicentral distance of ∼60 km. The travel time of the earthquake-induced tsunami is anticipated to be around 20 min, which is confirmed through tsunami simulations. Based on spectral and wavelet analyses of the Toyama tide and wave gauge records, we found 5 min, 14 min, and 32 min dominant wave periods. The shorter wave periods of 5 and 14 min are likely associated with a submarine landslide due to their early arrivals, as evidenced in our wavelet analysis. We then identified a potential submarine landslide location using the tsunami back-propagated travel time technique and visual inspection of the bathymetric profile. Conducting several simulations and comparing simulated and observed waveforms, we identified a seafloor landslide length of approximately 3000 m located ∼4 km offshore Toyama City. Our combined earthquake-landslide source model better reproduces the tsunami observations, indicating the contribution of the submarine landslide to the January 2024 Noto Peninsula tsunami.

Original language	English
Article number	118698
Number of pages	9
Journal	Ocean Engineering
Volume	310
Issue number	Part 1
Early online date	12 Jul 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118698
Publication status	Published - 15 Oct 2024

Data Availability Statement

The IOC tide gauges data can be downloaded from https://www.ioc-sealevelmonitoring.org/. The GSI tide gauges data is available at https://www.gsi.go.jp/kanshi/tide_furnish_e.html. Wave gauges data were downloaded from https://www.mlit.go.jp/kowan/nowphas/. The epicenter and aftershock data used in Fig. 1 were obtained from https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/. The bathymetry data is from https://www.jha.or.jp/en/shop/products/select/category.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the support by the EQUITY Program of Bandung
Institute of Technology (ITB).

Funding

IEM is financially supported by Hibah Dosen Peneliti (2024) (Contract No. 299/IT1. B07.5/TA/2024) managed by the Institute for Science and Technology Development (LPIT), Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB). MH is funded by open funding of State Key Lab of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University (grant number SKHL2101) and the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation (grant number 6217). MH and IEM are partly funded by the Centre for Climate Adaptation & Environment Research (CAER) at the University of Bath, UK. ARG is supported by the New Zealand Ministry for Business, Innovation, and Employment (MBIE) through the Rapid Characterisation of Earthquakes and Tsunami: Fewer deaths and faster recovery project (Endeavour fund).

Keywords

Earthquake
Numerical simulation
Submarine landslide
The 2024 Noto Peninsula
Tsunami

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Environmental Engineering
Ocean Engineering

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10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118698

Mulia-and-Heidarzadeh-and-et-al-2024-Noto-Tsunami-Landslide
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Accepted author manuscript, 1.11 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

Cite this

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abstract = "The January 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake (Mw 7.6) generated a destructive tsunami in the Sea of Japan region. Locally, inside Toyama Bay, the tsunami arrived at the Toyama wave and tide gauges within 2–3 min of the earthquake. Such an early tsunami arrival is inconsistent with the epicentral distance of ∼60 km. The travel time of the earthquake-induced tsunami is anticipated to be around 20 min, which is confirmed through tsunami simulations. Based on spectral and wavelet analyses of the Toyama tide and wave gauge records, we found 5 min, 14 min, and 32 min dominant wave periods. The shorter wave periods of 5 and 14 min are likely associated with a submarine landslide due to their early arrivals, as evidenced in our wavelet analysis. We then identified a potential submarine landslide location using the tsunami back-propagated travel time technique and visual inspection of the bathymetric profile. Conducting several simulations and comparing simulated and observed waveforms, we identified a seafloor landslide length of approximately 3000 m located ∼4 km offshore Toyama City. Our combined earthquake-landslide source model better reproduces the tsunami observations, indicating the contribution of the submarine landslide to the January 2024 Noto Peninsula tsunami.",

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AU - Satake, Kenji

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AB - The January 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake (Mw 7.6) generated a destructive tsunami in the Sea of Japan region. Locally, inside Toyama Bay, the tsunami arrived at the Toyama wave and tide gauges within 2–3 min of the earthquake. Such an early tsunami arrival is inconsistent with the epicentral distance of ∼60 km. The travel time of the earthquake-induced tsunami is anticipated to be around 20 min, which is confirmed through tsunami simulations. Based on spectral and wavelet analyses of the Toyama tide and wave gauge records, we found 5 min, 14 min, and 32 min dominant wave periods. The shorter wave periods of 5 and 14 min are likely associated with a submarine landslide due to their early arrivals, as evidenced in our wavelet analysis. We then identified a potential submarine landslide location using the tsunami back-propagated travel time technique and visual inspection of the bathymetric profile. Conducting several simulations and comparing simulated and observed waveforms, we identified a seafloor landslide length of approximately 3000 m located ∼4 km offshore Toyama City. Our combined earthquake-landslide source model better reproduces the tsunami observations, indicating the contribution of the submarine landslide to the January 2024 Noto Peninsula tsunami.

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Compounding impacts of the earthquake and submarine landslide on the Toyama Bay tsunami during the January 2024 Noto Peninsula event

Abstract

Data Availability Statement

Acknowledgements

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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