Abstract
Background: Childhood trauma has been associated with increased risk of substance use and poor sleep, with these factors linked to subsequent poor cardiovascular health. However, there has been little longitudinal research exploring these associations in adolescence, especially in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs). To address this, we investigated longitudinal pathways from trauma to risk behaviours and cardiovascular health indices among adolescents in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil.
Methods: Lifetime cumulative trauma was assessed via caregiver-reports up to age 11, and combined adolescent/caregiver reports at ages 15 and 18. At age 18, current problematic alcohol use, smoking, illicit drug use, and sleep duration were measured via self-report and resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed. We tested for trauma-risk behaviour-HR/BP associations using multivariable regression, population attributable fractions, and counterfactual mediation.
Results: Of 4229 adolescents (51·9% boys), 81·9% were trauma-exposed by age 18. Cumulative trauma up to ages 15 and 18 increased the odds of age 18 alcohol, smoking, and drug use (adjusted ORs: 1·25-1·44). Sleep duration was unrelated to childhood trauma. Population attributable fractions indicated that childhood trauma explained ≥28% of age 18 substance use. Unexpectedly, greater trauma exposure was associated with lower resting HR and BP. Substance use partially mediated the effect of trauma on cardiovascular health indices.
Conclusions: Trauma is associated with substance use in LMIC adolescents. Prevention and intervention strategies targeting trauma are critical given this significant burden. Our finding that trauma predicts lower HR/BP warrants further exploration, given well-established associations between trauma and poorer cardiovascular health in adulthood.
Methods: Lifetime cumulative trauma was assessed via caregiver-reports up to age 11, and combined adolescent/caregiver reports at ages 15 and 18. At age 18, current problematic alcohol use, smoking, illicit drug use, and sleep duration were measured via self-report and resting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed. We tested for trauma-risk behaviour-HR/BP associations using multivariable regression, population attributable fractions, and counterfactual mediation.
Results: Of 4229 adolescents (51·9% boys), 81·9% were trauma-exposed by age 18. Cumulative trauma up to ages 15 and 18 increased the odds of age 18 alcohol, smoking, and drug use (adjusted ORs: 1·25-1·44). Sleep duration was unrelated to childhood trauma. Population attributable fractions indicated that childhood trauma explained ≥28% of age 18 substance use. Unexpectedly, greater trauma exposure was associated with lower resting HR and BP. Substance use partially mediated the effect of trauma on cardiovascular health indices.
Conclusions: Trauma is associated with substance use in LMIC adolescents. Prevention and intervention strategies targeting trauma are critical given this significant burden. Our finding that trauma predicts lower HR/BP warrants further exploration, given well-established associations between trauma and poorer cardiovascular health in adulthood.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal | Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry |
| Publication status | Acceptance date - 5 Mar 2025 |
Funding
The current analyses were funded by a studentship awarded to the first author (MB) from the University of Bath and by grant ES/P000630/1 to the South-West Doctoral Training Partnership from the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)/UKRI, as well as by a grant awarded to AM and SLH by the ESRC (ES/Z503599/1) and FAPESP (2023/12905-0).
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Economic and Social Research Council |
Keywords
- childhood trauma
- adolescent
- substance use
- psychophysiology
- risk behaviours
