Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions

Gregor J.G. Gluth; Xinyuan Ke; Anya Vollpracht; Lia Weiler; Susan A. Bernal; Martin Cyr; Katja Dombrowski-Daube; Dan Geddes; Cyrill Grengg; Cassandre Le Galliard; Marija Nedeljkovic; John L. Provis; Luca Valentini; Brant Walkley

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions

Gregor J.G. Gluth, Xinyuan Ke, Anya Vollpracht, Lia Weiler, Susan A. Bernal, Martin Cyr, Katja Dombrowski-Daube, Dan Geddes, Cyrill Grengg, Cassandre Le Galliard, Marija Nedeljkovic, John L. Provis, Luca Valentini, Brant Walkley

Research output: Chapter or section in a book/report/conference proceeding › Chapter or section

Abstract

The current ability to predict the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is incomplete, partly because of widely varying AAM chemistries and variable testing conditions. To identify general correlations between mix design parameters and the carbonation rate of AAMs, RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6 compiled and analysed carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥66% of the binder) were also included in the database. The results show that the water/CaO ratio is not a reliable indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs. A better indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs under conditions approximating natural carbonation is their water/(CaO + MgO_eq + Na₂O_eq + K₂O_eq) ratio, where the index ‘eq’ indicates an equivalent amount based on molar masses. This finding can be explained by the CO₂ binding capacity of alkaline-earth and alkali metal ions; the obtained correlation also indicates an influence of the space-filling capability of the binding phases of AAMs, as for conventional cements. However, this ratio can serve only as an approximate indicator of carbonation resistance, as other parameters also affect the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes. In addition, the analysis of the dataset revealed peculiarities of accelerated tests using elevated CO₂ concentrations for low-Ca AAMs, indicating that even at the relatively modest concentration of 1% CO₂, accelerated testing may lead to inaccurate predictions of their carbonation resistance under natural exposure conditions.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures. SynerCrete 2023
Editors	A. Jędrzejewska, F. Kanavaris, M. Azenha, F. Benboudjema, D. Schlicke
Place of Publication	Cham, Switzerland
Publisher	Springer Science and Business Media B.V.
Pages	1029-1037
Number of pages	9
ISBN (Electronic)	9783031331879
ISBN (Print)	9783031331862
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94
Publication status	Published - 2023

Publication series

Name	RILEM Bookseries
Volume	44
ISSN (Print)	2211-0844
ISSN (Electronic)	2211-0852

Funding

Acknowledgements. Discussions with the members of RILEM TC 281-CCC are gratefully acknowledged. Participation of S. A. Bernal in this study was sponsored by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through the Early Career Fellowship EP/R001642/1, and the National Science Foundation/ EPSRC lead agency RENACEM grant EP/T008407/1 and 1903457. Participation of J. L. Provis in this study was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council through grant EP/T008407/1.

Keywords

Accelerated testing
Alkali-activated materials
Carbonation
Durability
Pore structure

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Civil and Structural Engineering
Building and Construction
Mechanics of Materials

Access to Document

Cite this

Gluth, G. J. G., Ke, X., Vollpracht, A., Weiler, L., Bernal, S. A., Cyr, M., Dombrowski-Daube, K., Geddes, D., Grengg, C., Le Galliard, C., Nedeljkovic, M., Provis, J. L., Valentini, L., & Walkley, B. (2023). Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. In A. Jędrzejewska, F. Kanavaris, M. Azenha, F. Benboudjema, & D. Schlicke (Eds.), International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures. SynerCrete 2023 (pp. 1029-1037). (RILEM Bookseries; Vol. 44). Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. / Gluth, Gregor J.G.; Ke, Xinyuan; Vollpracht, Anya et al.
International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures. SynerCrete 2023. ed. / A. Jędrzejewska; F. Kanavaris; M. Azenha; F. Benboudjema; D. Schlicke. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023. p. 1029-1037 (RILEM Bookseries; Vol. 44).

Research output: Chapter or section in a book/report/conference proceeding › Chapter or section

Gluth, GJG, Ke, X, Vollpracht, A, Weiler, L, Bernal, SA, Cyr, M, Dombrowski-Daube, K, Geddes, D, Grengg, C, Le Galliard, C, Nedeljkovic, M, Provis, JL, Valentini, L & Walkley, B 2023, Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. in A Jędrzejewska, F Kanavaris, M Azenha, F Benboudjema & D Schlicke (eds), International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures. SynerCrete 2023. RILEM Bookseries, vol. 44, Springer Science and Business Media B.V., Cham, Switzerland, pp. 1029-1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

Gluth GJG, Ke X, Vollpracht A, Weiler L, Bernal SA, Cyr M et al. Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. In Jędrzejewska A, Kanavaris F, Azenha M, Benboudjema F, Schlicke D, editors, International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures. SynerCrete 2023. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Science and Business Media B.V. 2023. p. 1029-1037. (RILEM Bookseries). doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94, 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

Gluth, Gregor J.G. ; Ke, Xinyuan ; Vollpracht, Anya et al. / Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes : Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions. International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures. SynerCrete 2023. editor / A. Jędrzejewska ; F. Kanavaris ; M. Azenha ; F. Benboudjema ; D. Schlicke. Cham, Switzerland : Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023. pp. 1029-1037 (RILEM Bookseries).

@inbook{5f29ea41b9944b6d9330bea14edf6305,

title = "Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions",

abstract = "The current ability to predict the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is incomplete, partly because of widely varying AAM chemistries and variable testing conditions. To identify general correlations between mix design parameters and the carbonation rate of AAMs, RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6 compiled and analysed carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥66% of the binder) were also included in the database. The results show that the water/CaO ratio is not a reliable indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs. A better indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs under conditions approximating natural carbonation is their water/(CaO + MgOeq + Na2Oeq + K2Oeq) ratio, where the index {\textquoteleft}eq{\textquoteright} indicates an equivalent amount based on molar masses. This finding can be explained by the CO2 binding capacity of alkaline-earth and alkali metal ions; the obtained correlation also indicates an influence of the space-filling capability of the binding phases of AAMs, as for conventional cements. However, this ratio can serve only as an approximate indicator of carbonation resistance, as other parameters also affect the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes. In addition, the analysis of the dataset revealed peculiarities of accelerated tests using elevated CO2 concentrations for low-Ca AAMs, indicating that even at the relatively modest concentration of 1% CO2, accelerated testing may lead to inaccurate predictions of their carbonation resistance under natural exposure conditions.",

keywords = "Accelerated testing, Alkali-activated materials, Carbonation, Durability, Pore structure",

author = "Gluth, {Gregor J.G.} and Xinyuan Ke and Anya Vollpracht and Lia Weiler and Bernal, {Susan A.} and Martin Cyr and Katja Dombrowski-Daube and Dan Geddes and Cyrill Grengg and {Le Galliard}, Cassandre and Marija Nedeljkovic and Provis, {John L.} and Luca Valentini and Brant Walkley",

year = "2023",

doi = "10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94",

language = "English",

isbn = "9783031331862",

series = "RILEM Bookseries",

publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media B.V.",

pages = "1029--1037",

editor = "A. J{\c e}drzejewska and F. Kanavaris and M. Azenha and F. Benboudjema and D. Schlicke",

booktitle = "International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures. SynerCrete 2023",

}

TY - CHAP

T1 - Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes

T2 - Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions

AU - Gluth, Gregor J.G.

AU - Ke, Xinyuan

AU - Vollpracht, Anya

AU - Weiler, Lia

AU - Bernal, Susan A.

AU - Cyr, Martin

AU - Dombrowski-Daube, Katja

AU - Geddes, Dan

AU - Grengg, Cyrill

AU - Le Galliard, Cassandre

AU - Nedeljkovic, Marija

AU - Provis, John L.

AU - Valentini, Luca

AU - Walkley, Brant

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - The current ability to predict the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is incomplete, partly because of widely varying AAM chemistries and variable testing conditions. To identify general correlations between mix design parameters and the carbonation rate of AAMs, RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6 compiled and analysed carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥66% of the binder) were also included in the database. The results show that the water/CaO ratio is not a reliable indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs. A better indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs under conditions approximating natural carbonation is their water/(CaO + MgOeq + Na2Oeq + K2Oeq) ratio, where the index ‘eq’ indicates an equivalent amount based on molar masses. This finding can be explained by the CO2 binding capacity of alkaline-earth and alkali metal ions; the obtained correlation also indicates an influence of the space-filling capability of the binding phases of AAMs, as for conventional cements. However, this ratio can serve only as an approximate indicator of carbonation resistance, as other parameters also affect the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes. In addition, the analysis of the dataset revealed peculiarities of accelerated tests using elevated CO2 concentrations for low-Ca AAMs, indicating that even at the relatively modest concentration of 1% CO2, accelerated testing may lead to inaccurate predictions of their carbonation resistance under natural exposure conditions.

AB - The current ability to predict the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is incomplete, partly because of widely varying AAM chemistries and variable testing conditions. To identify general correlations between mix design parameters and the carbonation rate of AAMs, RILEM TC 281-CCC Working Group 6 compiled and analysed carbonation data for alkali-activated concretes and mortars from the literature. For comparison purposes, data for blended Portland cement-based concretes with a high percentage of SCMs (≥66% of the binder) were also included in the database. The results show that the water/CaO ratio is not a reliable indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs. A better indicator of the carbonation rate of AAMs under conditions approximating natural carbonation is their water/(CaO + MgOeq + Na2Oeq + K2Oeq) ratio, where the index ‘eq’ indicates an equivalent amount based on molar masses. This finding can be explained by the CO2 binding capacity of alkaline-earth and alkali metal ions; the obtained correlation also indicates an influence of the space-filling capability of the binding phases of AAMs, as for conventional cements. However, this ratio can serve only as an approximate indicator of carbonation resistance, as other parameters also affect the carbonation resistance of alkali-activated concretes. In addition, the analysis of the dataset revealed peculiarities of accelerated tests using elevated CO2 concentrations for low-Ca AAMs, indicating that even at the relatively modest concentration of 1% CO2, accelerated testing may lead to inaccurate predictions of their carbonation resistance under natural exposure conditions.

KW - Accelerated testing

KW - Alkali-activated materials

KW - Carbonation

KW - Durability

KW - Pore structure

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85162091798&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

DO - 10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_94

M3 - Chapter or section

AN - SCOPUS:85162091798

SN - 9783031331862

T3 - RILEM Bookseries

SP - 1029

EP - 1037

BT - International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-based Materials and Concrete Structures. SynerCrete 2023

A2 - Jędrzejewska, A.

A2 - Kanavaris, F.

A2 - Azenha, M.

A2 - Benboudjema, F.

A2 - Schlicke, D.

PB - Springer Science and Business Media B.V.

CY - Cham, Switzerland

ER -

Carbonation Rate of Alkali-Activated Concretes: Effects of Compositional Parameters and Carbonation Conditions

Abstract

Publication series

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this