Biocatalytic and Bioelectrocatalytic Approaches for the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide using Enzymes

In the recent decade, CO₂ has increasingly been regarded not only as a greenhouse gas but even more as a chemical feedstock for carbon-based materials. Different strategies have evolved to realize CO₂ utilization and conversion into fuels and chemicals. In particular, biological approaches have drawn attention, as natural CO₂ conversion serves as a model for many processes. Microorganisms and enzymes have been studied extensively for redox reactions involving CO₂. In this review, we focus on monitoring nonliving biocatalyzed reactions for the reduction of CO₂ by using enzymes. We depict the opportunities but also challenges associated with utilizing such biocatalysts. Besides the application of enzymes with co-factors, resembling natural processes, and co-factor recovery, we also discuss implementation into photochemical and electrochemical techniques.