Associations between smoking and caffeine consumption in two European cohorts

Jorien L. Treur; Amy E. Taylor; Jennifer J. Ware; George Mcmahon; Jouke Jan Hottenga; Bart M.L. Baselmans; Gonneke Willemsen; Dorret I. Boomsma; Marcus R. Munafò; Jacqueline M. Vink

doi:10.1111/add.13298

Associations between smoking and caffeine consumption in two European cohorts

Jorien L. Treur, Amy E. Taylor, Jennifer J. Ware, George Mcmahon, Jouke Jan Hottenga, Bart M.L. Baselmans, Gonneke Willemsen, Dorret I. Boomsma, Marcus R. Munafò, Jacqueline M. Vink

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Abstract

Aims: To estimate associations between smoking initiation, smoking persistence and smoking heaviness and caffeine consumption in two population-based samples from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Design: Observational study employing data on self-reported smoking behaviour and caffeine consumption.

Setting: Adults from the general population in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Participants: Participants from the Netherlands Twin Register [NTR: n = 21 939, mean age 40.8, standard deviation (SD) = 16.9, 62.6% female] and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: n = 9086, mean age 33.2, SD = 4.7, 100% female).

Measurements: Smoking initiation (ever versus never smoking), smoking persistence (current versus former smoking), smoking heaviness (number of cigarettes smoked) and caffeine consumption in mg per day through coffee, tea, cola and energy drinks.

Findings: After correction for age, gender (NTR), education and social class (ALSPAC), smoking initiation was associated with consuming on average 52.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.6-60.0; NTR] and 59.5 (95% CI = 51.8-67.2; ALSPAC) mg more caffeine per day. Smoking persistence was also associated with consuming more caffeine [+57.9 (95% CI = 45.2-70.5) and +83.2 (95% CI = 70.2-96.3) mg, respectively]. Each additional cigarette smoked per day was associated with 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9-5.5; NTR) and 8.4 (95% CI = 6.9-10.0; ALSPAC) mg higher daily caffeine consumption in current smokers. Smoking was associated positively with coffee consumption and less strongly with cola and energy drinks. For tea, associations were positive in ALSPAC and negative in NTR.

Conclusions: There appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1059-1068
Number of pages	10
Journal	Addiction
Volume	111
Issue number	6
Early online date	9 Jan 2016
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13298
Publication status	Published - 1 Jun 2016

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the members of the twin families registered with the NTR for participating in this study.

We are extremely grateful to all the ALSPAC families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses.

Funding

This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) [Grant number 284167: ‘Beyond the Genetics of Addiction’ (principal investigator J.M.V.) and Grant number 230374: ‘Genetics of Mental Illness’ (principal investigator D.I.B.)] and grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO): ZonMW Addiction (31160008 and NWO 016-115-035), Genetic and Family Influences on Adolescent Psychopathology and Wellness (NWO 463-06-001), A twin-sib study of adolescent wellness (NWO-VENI 451-04-034), VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA). J.J.W. is supported by a Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship from the Oak Foundation. A.E.T., M.R.M. and J.J.W. are members of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, a UK Clinical Research Council Public Health Research: Centre of Excellence. Funding from British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. Support from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013/6) is also gratefully acknowledged. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (Grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and J.L.T., A.E.T., J.J.W., G.M., J.J.H., B.B., D.I.B., M.R.M. and J.M.V. will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper.

Keywords

ALSPAC
Caffeine
Coffee
NTR
Smoking

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Medicine (miscellaneous)
Psychiatry and Mental health

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Cite this

@article{4f486d076117442aaca2f6f22177504b,

title = "Associations between smoking and caffeine consumption in two European cohorts",

abstract = "Aims: To estimate associations between smoking initiation, smoking persistence and smoking heaviness and caffeine consumption in two population-based samples from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Design: Observational study employing data on self-reported smoking behaviour and caffeine consumption. Setting: Adults from the general population in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Participants: Participants from the Netherlands Twin Register [NTR: n = 21 939, mean age 40.8, standard deviation (SD) = 16.9, 62.6% female] and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: n = 9086, mean age 33.2, SD = 4.7, 100% female). Measurements: Smoking initiation (ever versus never smoking), smoking persistence (current versus former smoking), smoking heaviness (number of cigarettes smoked) and caffeine consumption in mg per day through coffee, tea, cola and energy drinks. Findings: After correction for age, gender (NTR), education and social class (ALSPAC), smoking initiation was associated with consuming on average 52.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.6-60.0; NTR] and 59.5 (95% CI = 51.8-67.2; ALSPAC) mg more caffeine per day. Smoking persistence was also associated with consuming more caffeine [+57.9 (95% CI = 45.2-70.5) and +83.2 (95% CI = 70.2-96.3) mg, respectively]. Each additional cigarette smoked per day was associated with 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9-5.5; NTR) and 8.4 (95% CI = 6.9-10.0; ALSPAC) mg higher daily caffeine consumption in current smokers. Smoking was associated positively with coffee consumption and less strongly with cola and energy drinks. For tea, associations were positive in ALSPAC and negative in NTR. Conclusions: There appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.",

keywords = "ALSPAC, Caffeine, Coffee, NTR, Smoking",

author = "Treur, {Jorien L.} and Taylor, {Amy E.} and Ware, {Jennifer J.} and George Mcmahon and Hottenga, {Jouke Jan} and Baselmans, {Bart M.L.} and Gonneke Willemsen and Boomsma, {Dorret I.} and Munaf{\`o}, {Marcus R.} and Vink, {Jacqueline M.}",

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doi = "10.1111/add.13298",

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T1 - Associations between smoking and caffeine consumption in two European cohorts

AU - Treur, Jorien L.

AU - Taylor, Amy E.

AU - Ware, Jennifer J.

AU - Mcmahon, George

AU - Hottenga, Jouke Jan

AU - Baselmans, Bart M.L.

AU - Willemsen, Gonneke

AU - Boomsma, Dorret I.

AU - Munafò, Marcus R.

AU - Vink, Jacqueline M.

PY - 2016/6/1

Y1 - 2016/6/1

N2 - Aims: To estimate associations between smoking initiation, smoking persistence and smoking heaviness and caffeine consumption in two population-based samples from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Design: Observational study employing data on self-reported smoking behaviour and caffeine consumption. Setting: Adults from the general population in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Participants: Participants from the Netherlands Twin Register [NTR: n = 21 939, mean age 40.8, standard deviation (SD) = 16.9, 62.6% female] and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: n = 9086, mean age 33.2, SD = 4.7, 100% female). Measurements: Smoking initiation (ever versus never smoking), smoking persistence (current versus former smoking), smoking heaviness (number of cigarettes smoked) and caffeine consumption in mg per day through coffee, tea, cola and energy drinks. Findings: After correction for age, gender (NTR), education and social class (ALSPAC), smoking initiation was associated with consuming on average 52.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.6-60.0; NTR] and 59.5 (95% CI = 51.8-67.2; ALSPAC) mg more caffeine per day. Smoking persistence was also associated with consuming more caffeine [+57.9 (95% CI = 45.2-70.5) and +83.2 (95% CI = 70.2-96.3) mg, respectively]. Each additional cigarette smoked per day was associated with 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9-5.5; NTR) and 8.4 (95% CI = 6.9-10.0; ALSPAC) mg higher daily caffeine consumption in current smokers. Smoking was associated positively with coffee consumption and less strongly with cola and energy drinks. For tea, associations were positive in ALSPAC and negative in NTR. Conclusions: There appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

AB - Aims: To estimate associations between smoking initiation, smoking persistence and smoking heaviness and caffeine consumption in two population-based samples from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Design: Observational study employing data on self-reported smoking behaviour and caffeine consumption. Setting: Adults from the general population in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Participants: Participants from the Netherlands Twin Register [NTR: n = 21 939, mean age 40.8, standard deviation (SD) = 16.9, 62.6% female] and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: n = 9086, mean age 33.2, SD = 4.7, 100% female). Measurements: Smoking initiation (ever versus never smoking), smoking persistence (current versus former smoking), smoking heaviness (number of cigarettes smoked) and caffeine consumption in mg per day through coffee, tea, cola and energy drinks. Findings: After correction for age, gender (NTR), education and social class (ALSPAC), smoking initiation was associated with consuming on average 52.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.6-60.0; NTR] and 59.5 (95% CI = 51.8-67.2; ALSPAC) mg more caffeine per day. Smoking persistence was also associated with consuming more caffeine [+57.9 (95% CI = 45.2-70.5) and +83.2 (95% CI = 70.2-96.3) mg, respectively]. Each additional cigarette smoked per day was associated with 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9-5.5; NTR) and 8.4 (95% CI = 6.9-10.0; ALSPAC) mg higher daily caffeine consumption in current smokers. Smoking was associated positively with coffee consumption and less strongly with cola and energy drinks. For tea, associations were positive in ALSPAC and negative in NTR. Conclusions: There appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

KW - ALSPAC

KW - Caffeine

KW - Coffee

KW - NTR

KW - Smoking

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Associations between smoking and caffeine consumption in two European cohorts

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Funding

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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