Abstract
Marine macroalgae offers a promising third generation feedstock for the production of fuels and chemicals, avoiding competition with conventional agriculture and potentially helping to improve eutrophication in seas and oceans. However, an increasing amount of plastic is distributed into the oceans, and as such contaminating macroalgal beds. One of the major plastic contaminants is nylon 6 derived from discarded fishing gear, though an increasing amount of alternative nylon polymers, derived from fabrics, are also observed. This study aimed to assess the effect of these nylon contaminants on the hydrothermal liquefaction of Fucus serratus. The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of macroalgae was undertaken at 350◦ C for 10 min, with a range of nylon polymers (nylon 6, nylon 6/6, nylon 12 and nylon 6/12), in the blend of 5, 20 and 50 wt.% nylon to biomass; 17 wt.% biocrude was achieved from a 50% blend of nylon 6 with F. serratus. In addition, nylon 6 completely broke down in the system producing the monomer caprolactam. The suitability of converting fishing gear was further demonstrated by conversion of actual fishing line (nylon 6) with the macroalgae, producing an array of products. The alternative nylon polymer blends were less reactive, with only 54% of the nylon 6/6 breaking down under the HTL conditions, forming cyclopentanone which distributed into the biocrude phase. Nylon 6/12 and nylon 12 were even less reactive, and only traces of the monomer cyclododecanone were observed in the biocrude phase. This study demonstrates that while nylon 6 derived from fishing gear can be effectively integrated into a macroalgal biorefinery, alternative nylon polymers from other sectors are too stable to be converted under these conditions and present a real challenge to a macroalgal biorefinery.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 34 |
Journal | Environments - MDPI |
Volume | 8 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 15 Apr 2021 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Funding: This research was funded by the Royal Thai Scholarship.
Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the Royal Thai Scholarship for financial support, and the Roddenberry Foundation Catalyst Fund grant “SeaClean” and the University of Exeter GCRF Global Research Translation Award: “Sustainable Solutions to Food Security Challenges” (EP/T015268/1) awarded to M.J.A. The authors would also like to thank Rosie Allen and Archie Allen for their help in macroalgal harvesting.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Keywords
- Biofuel
- HTL
- Macroalgae
- Nylon
- Plastic
- Seaweed
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
- General Environmental Science