TY - JOUR
T1 - Application of wastewater-based epidemiology to investigate stimulant drug, alcohol and tobacco use in Lithuanian communities
AU - Boogaerts, Tim
AU - Jurgelaitiene, Lina
AU - Dumitrascu, Catalina
AU - Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara
AU - Kannan, Andrew
AU - Been, Frederic
AU - Emke, Erik
AU - de Voogt, Pim
AU - Covaci, Adrian
AU - van Nuijs, Alexander L.N.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank the WWTP personnel (UAB Vilniaus vandenys, Head of laboratory Eglė Lukoševičienė; AB Klaipėdos vanduo, Head of laboratory Nijole Domarkiene; UAB Kauno vandenys, Chief technologist of watewater treatment plant) for their support in sampling. This study was funded by the European Union's Justice Programme—Drugs Policy Initiatives , EuSeME (project number 861602 ).
Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank the WWTP personnel (UAB Vilniaus vandenys, Head of laboratory Egl? Luko?evi?ien?; AB Klaip?dos vanduo, Head of laboratory Nijole Domarkiene; UAB Kauno vandenys, Chief technologist of watewater treatment plant) for their support in sampling. This study was funded by the European Union's Justice Programme?Drugs Policy Initiatives, EuSeME (project number 861602).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/7/10
Y1 - 2021/7/10
N2 - WBE was applied to evaluate illicit drug (i.e. amphetamine, cocaine, MDMA and methamphetamine), alcohol and tobacco use in three Lithuanian cities in 2018 and 2019. Considerable concentrations of methamphetamine and MDMA were found in the three locations, suggesting a specific Lithuanian consumption pattern. Yet, unexpected high concentrations of amphetamine (>4 μg/L) were detected in two samples of Kaunas in 2018. Through the use of chiral analysis and non-target and suspect drug precursor compound screening, these extreme values were confirmed to be the result of direct disposal of amphetamine in the sewers. Furthermore, substantial alcohol use was measured in the three investigated catchment populations of Lithuania with almost 4 standard drinks/day/inhabitant aged 15+ on average in 2019. For tobacco, an average of 5.6 cigarettes/day/inhabitant aged 15+ in 2019 was reported with large discrepancies between WBE figures and sales data, potentially highlighting illegal trade of tobacco products.
AB - WBE was applied to evaluate illicit drug (i.e. amphetamine, cocaine, MDMA and methamphetamine), alcohol and tobacco use in three Lithuanian cities in 2018 and 2019. Considerable concentrations of methamphetamine and MDMA were found in the three locations, suggesting a specific Lithuanian consumption pattern. Yet, unexpected high concentrations of amphetamine (>4 μg/L) were detected in two samples of Kaunas in 2018. Through the use of chiral analysis and non-target and suspect drug precursor compound screening, these extreme values were confirmed to be the result of direct disposal of amphetamine in the sewers. Furthermore, substantial alcohol use was measured in the three investigated catchment populations of Lithuania with almost 4 standard drinks/day/inhabitant aged 15+ on average in 2019. For tobacco, an average of 5.6 cigarettes/day/inhabitant aged 15+ in 2019 was reported with large discrepancies between WBE figures and sales data, potentially highlighting illegal trade of tobacco products.
KW - Dumping events
KW - Geotemporal resolution
KW - Lithuania
KW - Substance use
KW - Wastewater-based epidemiology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85101956015&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145914
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145914
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85101956015
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 777
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 145914
ER -
