Abstract
The cost and reliability of fuel cells are major obstructions preventing fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) from entering the mainstream market. However, many of the degradation methods are strongly affected by the operating conditions of the fuel cell and therefore can be mitigated by optimisation of the Energy Management Strategy (EMS). The major causes of fuel cell degradation are identified from the literature and a model is produced in order to estimate the effect of the EMS on the fuel cell degradation. This is used to produce an optimal strategy for a low speed campus vehicle using Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP). The SDP controller attempts to minimise the total running cost of the fuel cell, inclusive of both fuel consumption and degradation, each weighted by their respective costs. The new strategy is shown to increase the lifetime of the fuel cell by 14%, with only a 3.5% increase in fuel consumption, largely by avoiding transient loading on the fuel cell stack.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 21503-21515 |
Number of pages | 13 |
Journal | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |
Volume | 41 |
Issue number | 46 |
Early online date | 8 Sept 2016 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 14 Dec 2016 |
Keywords
- Fuel Cells
- Hydrogen
- Stochastic dynamic programming
- Hybrid Strategy
- Energy Management
- Degradation
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Automotive Engineering
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment