A study of Galactic Plane Planck Galactic cold clumps observed by SCOPE and the JCMT Plane Survey

D J Eden, Tie Liu, T J T Moore, J Di Francesco, G Fuller, Kee-Tae Kim, Di Li, S -Y Liu, R Plume, Ken’ichi Tatematsu, M A Thompson, Y Wu, L Bronfman, H M Butner, M J Currie, G Garay, P F Goldsmith, N Hirano, D Johnstone, M JuvelaS-P Lai, C W Lee, E E Mannfors, F Olguin, K Pattle, Geumsook Park, D Polychroni, M Rawlings, A J Rigby, P Sanhueza, A Traficante, J S Urquhart, B Weferling, G J White, R K Yadav

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Abstract

We have investigated the physical properties of Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs) located in the Galactic Plane, using the JCMT Plane Survey (JPS) and the SCUBA-2 Continuum Observations of Pre-protostellar Evolution (SCOPE) survey. By utilizing a suite of molecular-line surveys, velocities, and distances were assigned to the compact sources within the PGCCs, placing them in a Galactic context. The properties of these compact sources show no large-scale variations with Galactic environment. Investigating the star-forming content of the sample, we find that the luminosity-to-mass ratio (L/M) is an order of magnitude lower than in other Galactic studies, indicating that these objects are hosting lower levels of star formation. Finally, by comparing ATLASGAL sources that are associated or are not associated with PGCCs, we find that those associated with PGCCs are typically colder, denser, and have a lower L/M ratio, hinting that PGCCs are a distinct population of Galactic Plane sources.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)5192–5208
Number of pages17
JournalMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Volume530
Issue number4
Early online date6 May 2024
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 30 Jun 2024

Data Availability Statement

The SCOPE survey and its data products are described fully in Liu et al. (2018) and Eden et al. (2019). The JPS and its images and source catalogue can be found in Eden et al. (2017). The associated download instructions are within those papers, or per request to the lead author.

The proposal IDs for these projects can be used to download raw observation data (both surveys) or reduced data products (SCOPE only) from the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre’s JCMT Science Archive. The JPS proposal ID is MJLSJ02, whilst the SCOPE survey data can be found with: MJLSY14B, M15AI05, M15BI06, and M16AL003.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFA1603101). TL acknowledges the supports by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through grant nos. 12073061 and no. 12122307, the international partnership programme of Chinese Academy of Sciences through grant no. 114231KYSB20200009, and Shanghai Pujiang Program 20PJ1415500. KT was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant number 20H05645). LB and GG gratefully acknowledge support by the ANID BASAL project FB210003. This research was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). JDF and DJ were supported by NRC Canada and by individual NSERC Discovery Grants. MJ acknowledges support from the the Academy of Finland grant no. 348342. KP is a Royal Society University Research Fellow, supported by grant no. URF\R1\211322. CWL was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2019R1A2C1010851), and by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (Project No. 2023-1-84000). The work of MGR was supported by NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. PS was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI Number JP22H01271 and JP23H01221) of JSPS. GJW gratefully thanks The Leverhulme Trust for an Emeritus Fellowship. The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of The National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics; the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Center for Astronomical Mega-Science (as well as the National Key R&D Program of China with No. 2017YFA0402700). Additional funding support was provided by the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom and participating universities in the United Kingdom and Canada. The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope has historically been operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the National Research Council of Canada, and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. Additional funds for the construction of SCUBA-2 were provided by the Canada Foundation for Innovation. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. This research made use of the data from the Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting (MWISP) project, which is a multiline survey in 12CO/13CO/C18O along the northern Galactic Plane with PMO-13.7m telescope. We are grateful to all the members of the MWISP working group, particularly the staff members at PMO-13.7m telescope, for their long-term support. MWISP was sponsored by National Key R&D Program of China with grant 2017YFA0402701 and CAS Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences with grant QYZDJ-SSW-SLH047. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System. The Starlink software (Currie et al. 2014) is currently supported by the East Asian Observatory.

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