Abstract
Cold sintering is a promising technique to significantly reduce the temperatures required to manufacture ceramics from above 1000 °C to below 250 °C. This paper examines the mechanisms underpinning the cold sintering of barium titanate, with experimental data used as inputs for a phase field cold sintering model. The activation energy for the cold sintering of barium titanate was determined from the variation of grain size as a function of both sintering time and temperature. This was calculated as 38 kJ/mol, which is 10 times lower than for conventional solid-state sintering. The model was then used to understand the impact of the chemical driving forces and diffusion coefficients on densification. A parametric study using the phase field model provided insights into the effects of particle size, temperature, pressure and activation energy on the cold sintering process, highlighting the critical role of the flux in facilitating mass transport during cold sintering.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 117534 |
| Journal | Journal of the European Ceramic Society |
| Volume | 45 |
| Issue number | 14 |
| Early online date | 13 May 2025 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | E-pub ahead of print - 13 May 2025 |
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Funding
KS acknowledges the Raoul and Catherine Hughes Scholarship from the University of Bath for support during his PhD. CB acknowledges support of UKRI Frontier Research Guarantee on \u201CProcessing of Smart Porous Electro-Ceramic Transducers - ProSPECT\u201D, project No. EP/X023265/1.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| University of Bath | |
| UK Research and Innovation | EP/X023265/1 |
Keywords
- Barium titanate
- Cold sintering
- Grain growth analysis
- Phase field model
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Ceramics and Composites
- Materials Chemistry