A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3

Luca Costantin; Pablo G. Pérez-González; Yuchen Guo; Chiara Buttitta; Shardha Jogee; Micaela B. Bagley; Guillermo Barro; Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe; Anton M. Koekemoer; Cristina Cabello; Enrico Maria Corsini; Jairo Méndez-Abreu; Alexander de la Vega; Kartheik G. Iyer; Laura Bisigello; Yingjie Cheng; Lorenzo Morelli; Pablo Arrabal Haro; Fernando Buitrago; M. C. Cooper; Avishai Dekel; Mark Dickinson; Steven L. Finkelstein; Mauro Giavalisco; Benne W. Holwerda; Marc Huertas-Company; Ray A. Lucas; Casey Papovich; Nor Pirzkal; Lise Marie Seillé; Jesús Vega-Ferrero; Stijn Wuyts; L. Y. Aaron Yung

doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06636-x

A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3

Luca Costantin, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Yuchen Guo, Chiara Buttitta, Shardha Jogee, Micaela B. Bagley, Guillermo Barro, Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe, Anton M. Koekemoer, Cristina Cabello, Enrico Maria Corsini, Jairo Méndez-Abreu, Alexander de la Vega, Kartheik G. Iyer, Laura Bisigello, Yingjie Cheng, Lorenzo Morelli, Pablo Arrabal Haro, Fernando Buitrago, M. C. CooperAvishai Dekel, Mark Dickinson, Steven L. Finkelstein, Mauro Giavalisco, Benne W. Holwerda, Marc Huertas-Company, Ray A. Lucas, Casey Papovich, Nor Pirzkal, Lise Marie Seillé, Jesús Vega-Ferrero, Stijn Wuyts, L. Y. Aaron Yung

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Abstract

The majority of massive disk galaxies in the local Universe show a stellar barred structure in their central regions, including our Milky Way^1,2. Bars are supposed to develop in dynamically cold stellar disks at low redshift, as the strong gas turbulence typical of disk galaxies at high redshift suppresses or delays bar formation^3,4. Moreover, simulations predict bars to be almost absent beyond z = 1.5 in the progenitors of Milky Way-like galaxies^5,6. Here we report observations of ceers-2112, a barred spiral galaxy at redshift z _phot ≈ 3, which was already mature when the Universe was only 2 Gyr old. The stellar mass (M _★ = 3.9 × 10⁹ M _⊙) and barred morphology mean that ceers-2112 can be considered a progenitor of the Milky Way^7–9, in terms of both structure and mass-assembly history in the first 2 Gyr of the Universe, and was the closest in mass in the first 4 Gyr. We infer that baryons in galaxies could have already dominated over dark matter at z ≈ 3, that high-redshift bars could form in approximately 400 Myr and that dynamically cold stellar disks could have been in place by redshift z = 4–5 (more than 12 Gyrs ago)^10,11.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	499-501
Journal	Nature
Volume	623
Early online date	8 Nov 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06636-x
Publication status	Published - 16 Nov 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We thank S. Roca-Fàbrega and E. Borsato for their comments. L.C. acknowledges financial support from the Comunidad de Madrid under Atracción de Talento grant no. 2018-T2/TIC-11612. L.C. and P.G.P.-G. acknowledge support from grant nos. PGC2018-093499-B-I00, PID2022-139567NB-I00 and MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia ‘Maria de Maeztu’ Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033, FEDER, UE. C.C. acknowledges support from grant nos. PRE2019-087503 and PID2021-123417OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 ‘ESF Investing in your future’ and ‘ERDF A way of making Europe’, respectively. J.M.A. acknowledges the support of the Viera y Clavijo Senior program funded by ACIISI and ULL and the support of the Agencia Estatal de Investigación del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) under grant nos. PID2021-128131NB-I00 and CNS2022-135482 and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ‘A way of making Europe’ and the ‘NextGenerationEU/PRTR’. F.B. and J.V.F. acknowledge the support from grant no. PID2020-116188GA-I00 by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and F.B. also acknowledges grant no. PID2019-107427GB-C32. Support for this work was provided by NASA through grant no. JWST-ERS-01345 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.

Funding

We thank S. Roca-Fàbrega and E. Borsato for their comments. L.C. acknowledges financial support from the Comunidad de Madrid under Atracción de Talento grant no. 2018-T2/TIC-11612. L.C. and P.G.P.-G. acknowledge support from grant nos. PGC2018-093499-B-I00, PID2022-139567NB-I00 and MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia ‘Maria de Maeztu’ Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033, FEDER, UE. C.C. acknowledges support from grant nos. PRE2019-087503 and PID2021-123417OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 ‘ESF Investing in your future’ and ‘ERDF A way of making Europe’, respectively. J.M.A. acknowledges the support of the Viera y Clavijo Senior program funded by ACIISI and ULL and the support of the Agencia Estatal de Investigación del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) under grant nos. PID2021-128131NB-I00 and CNS2022-135482 and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ‘A way of making Europe’ and the ‘NextGenerationEU/PRTR’. F.B. and J.V.F. acknowledge the support from grant no. PID2020-116188GA-I00 by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and F.B. also acknowledges grant no. PID2019-107427GB-C32. Support for this work was provided by NASA through grant no. JWST-ERS-01345 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.

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10.1038/s41586-023-06636-x

Costantin2023_arXivAccepted author manuscript, 5.16 MBLicence: CC BY

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Costantin, L., Pérez-González, P. G., Guo, Y., Buttitta, C., Jogee, S., Bagley, M. B., Barro, G., Kartaltepe, J. S., Koekemoer, A. M., Cabello, C., Corsini, E. M., Méndez-Abreu, J., de la Vega, A., Iyer, K. G., Bisigello, L., Cheng, Y., Morelli, L., Arrabal Haro, P., Buitrago, F., ... Yung, L. Y. A. (2023). A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3. Nature, 623, 499-501. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06636-x

Costantin, L, Pérez-González, PG, Guo, Y, Buttitta, C, Jogee, S, Bagley, MB, Barro, G, Kartaltepe, JS, Koekemoer, AM, Cabello, C, Corsini, EM, Méndez-Abreu, J, de la Vega, A, Iyer, KG, Bisigello, L, Cheng, Y, Morelli, L, Arrabal Haro, P, Buitrago, F, Cooper, MC, Dekel, A, Dickinson, M, Finkelstein, SL, Giavalisco, M, Holwerda, BW, Huertas-Company, M, Lucas, RA, Papovich, C, Pirzkal, N, Seillé, LM, Vega-Ferrero, J, Wuyts, S & Yung, LYA 2023, 'A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3', Nature, vol. 623, pp. 499-501. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06636-x

@article{8da261261e664f74bbf3c8278fcffb34,

title = "A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3",

abstract = "The majority of massive disk galaxies in the local Universe show a stellar barred structure in their central regions, including our Milky Way1,2. Bars are supposed to develop in dynamically cold stellar disks at low redshift, as the strong gas turbulence typical of disk galaxies at high redshift suppresses or delays bar formation3,4. Moreover, simulations predict bars to be almost absent beyond z = 1.5 in the progenitors of Milky Way-like galaxies5,6. Here we report observations of ceers-2112, a barred spiral galaxy at redshift z phot ≈ 3, which was already mature when the Universe was only 2 Gyr old. The stellar mass (M ★ = 3.9 × 109 M ⊙) and barred morphology mean that ceers-2112 can be considered a progenitor of the Milky Way7–9, in terms of both structure and mass-assembly history in the first 2 Gyr of the Universe, and was the closest in mass in the first 4 Gyr. We infer that baryons in galaxies could have already dominated over dark matter at z ≈ 3, that high-redshift bars could form in approximately 400 Myr and that dynamically cold stellar disks could have been in place by redshift z = 4–5 (more than 12 Gyrs ago)10,11.",

author = "Luca Costantin and P{\'e}rez-Gonz{\'a}lez, {Pablo G.} and Yuchen Guo and Chiara Buttitta and Shardha Jogee and Bagley, {Micaela B.} and Guillermo Barro and Kartaltepe, {Jeyhan S.} and Koekemoer, {Anton M.} and Cristina Cabello and Corsini, {Enrico Maria} and Jairo M{\'e}ndez-Abreu and {de la Vega}, Alexander and Iyer, {Kartheik G.} and Laura Bisigello and Yingjie Cheng and Lorenzo Morelli and {Arrabal Haro}, Pablo and Fernando Buitrago and Cooper, {M. C.} and Avishai Dekel and Mark Dickinson and Finkelstein, {Steven L.} and Mauro Giavalisco and Holwerda, {Benne W.} and Marc Huertas-Company and Lucas, {Ray A.} and Casey Papovich and Nor Pirzkal and Seill{\'e}, {Lise Marie} and Jes{\'u}s Vega-Ferrero and Stijn Wuyts and Yung, {L. Y. Aaron}",

note = "Funding Information: We thank S. Roca-F{\`a}brega and E. Borsato for their comments. L.C. acknowledges financial support from the Comunidad de Madrid under Atracci{\'o}n de Talento grant no. 2018-T2/TIC-11612. L.C. and P.G.P.-G. acknowledge support from grant nos. PGC2018-093499-B-I00, PID2022-139567NB-I00 and MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia {\textquoteleft}Maria de Maeztu{\textquoteright} Centro de Astrobiolog{\'i}a (INTA-CSIC) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033, FEDER, UE. C.C. acknowledges support from grant nos. PRE2019-087503 and PID2021-123417OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 {\textquoteleft}ESF Investing in your future{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}ERDF A way of making Europe{\textquoteright}, respectively. J.M.A. acknowledges the support of the Viera y Clavijo Senior program funded by ACIISI and ULL and the support of the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci{\'o}n del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci{\'o}n (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) under grant nos. PID2021-128131NB-I00 and CNS2022-135482 and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) {\textquoteleft}A way of making Europe{\textquoteright} and the {\textquoteleft}NextGenerationEU/PRTR{\textquoteright}. F.B. and J.V.F. acknowledge the support from grant no. PID2020-116188GA-I00 by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and F.B. also acknowledges grant no. PID2019-107427GB-C32. Support for this work was provided by NASA through grant no. JWST-ERS-01345 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. ",

year = "2023",

month = nov,

day = "16",

doi = "10.1038/s41586-023-06636-x",

language = "English",

volume = "623",

pages = "499--501",

journal = "Nature",

issn = "0028-0836",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3

AU - Costantin, Luca

AU - Pérez-González, Pablo G.

AU - Guo, Yuchen

AU - Buttitta, Chiara

AU - Jogee, Shardha

AU - Bagley, Micaela B.

AU - Barro, Guillermo

AU - Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.

AU - Koekemoer, Anton M.

AU - Cabello, Cristina

AU - Corsini, Enrico Maria

AU - Méndez-Abreu, Jairo

AU - de la Vega, Alexander

AU - Iyer, Kartheik G.

AU - Bisigello, Laura

AU - Cheng, Yingjie

AU - Morelli, Lorenzo

AU - Arrabal Haro, Pablo

AU - Buitrago, Fernando

AU - Cooper, M. C.

AU - Dekel, Avishai

AU - Dickinson, Mark

AU - Finkelstein, Steven L.

AU - Giavalisco, Mauro

AU - Holwerda, Benne W.

AU - Huertas-Company, Marc

AU - Lucas, Ray A.

AU - Papovich, Casey

AU - Pirzkal, Nor

AU - Seillé, Lise Marie

AU - Vega-Ferrero, Jesús

AU - Wuyts, Stijn

AU - Yung, L. Y. Aaron

N1 - Funding Information: We thank S. Roca-Fàbrega and E. Borsato for their comments. L.C. acknowledges financial support from the Comunidad de Madrid under Atracción de Talento grant no. 2018-T2/TIC-11612. L.C. and P.G.P.-G. acknowledge support from grant nos. PGC2018-093499-B-I00, PID2022-139567NB-I00 and MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia ‘Maria de Maeztu’ Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033, FEDER, UE. C.C. acknowledges support from grant nos. PRE2019-087503 and PID2021-123417OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 ‘ESF Investing in your future’ and ‘ERDF A way of making Europe’, respectively. J.M.A. acknowledges the support of the Viera y Clavijo Senior program funded by ACIISI and ULL and the support of the Agencia Estatal de Investigación del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) under grant nos. PID2021-128131NB-I00 and CNS2022-135482 and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ‘A way of making Europe’ and the ‘NextGenerationEU/PRTR’. F.B. and J.V.F. acknowledge the support from grant no. PID2020-116188GA-I00 by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and F.B. also acknowledges grant no. PID2019-107427GB-C32. Support for this work was provided by NASA through grant no. JWST-ERS-01345 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.

PY - 2023/11/16

Y1 - 2023/11/16

N2 - The majority of massive disk galaxies in the local Universe show a stellar barred structure in their central regions, including our Milky Way1,2. Bars are supposed to develop in dynamically cold stellar disks at low redshift, as the strong gas turbulence typical of disk galaxies at high redshift suppresses or delays bar formation3,4. Moreover, simulations predict bars to be almost absent beyond z = 1.5 in the progenitors of Milky Way-like galaxies5,6. Here we report observations of ceers-2112, a barred spiral galaxy at redshift z phot ≈ 3, which was already mature when the Universe was only 2 Gyr old. The stellar mass (M ★ = 3.9 × 109 M ⊙) and barred morphology mean that ceers-2112 can be considered a progenitor of the Milky Way7–9, in terms of both structure and mass-assembly history in the first 2 Gyr of the Universe, and was the closest in mass in the first 4 Gyr. We infer that baryons in galaxies could have already dominated over dark matter at z ≈ 3, that high-redshift bars could form in approximately 400 Myr and that dynamically cold stellar disks could have been in place by redshift z = 4–5 (more than 12 Gyrs ago)10,11.

AB - The majority of massive disk galaxies in the local Universe show a stellar barred structure in their central regions, including our Milky Way1,2. Bars are supposed to develop in dynamically cold stellar disks at low redshift, as the strong gas turbulence typical of disk galaxies at high redshift suppresses or delays bar formation3,4. Moreover, simulations predict bars to be almost absent beyond z = 1.5 in the progenitors of Milky Way-like galaxies5,6. Here we report observations of ceers-2112, a barred spiral galaxy at redshift z phot ≈ 3, which was already mature when the Universe was only 2 Gyr old. The stellar mass (M ★ = 3.9 × 109 M ⊙) and barred morphology mean that ceers-2112 can be considered a progenitor of the Milky Way7–9, in terms of both structure and mass-assembly history in the first 2 Gyr of the Universe, and was the closest in mass in the first 4 Gyr. We infer that baryons in galaxies could have already dominated over dark matter at z ≈ 3, that high-redshift bars could form in approximately 400 Myr and that dynamically cold stellar disks could have been in place by redshift z = 4–5 (more than 12 Gyrs ago)10,11.

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DO - 10.1038/s41586-023-06636-x

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JF - Nature

ER -

A Milky Way-like barred spiral galaxy at a redshift of 3

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